{"id":1631,"date":"2019-09-15T23:43:00","date_gmt":"2019-09-15T23:43:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/live-cornell-law-review.pantheonsite.io\/?p=1631"},"modified":"2025-01-06T14:25:34","modified_gmt":"2025-01-06T14:25:34","slug":"thirteenth-amendment-reflections-on-abortion-surrogacy-and-race-selection","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/2019\/09\/15\/thirteenth-amendment-reflections-on-abortion-surrogacy-and-race-selection\/","title":{"rendered":"Thirteenth Amendment Reflections on Abortion, Surrogacy, and Race Selection"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Pamela Bridgewater\u2019s <em>Breeding a Nation: Reproductive Slavery, the Thirteenth Amendment, and the Pursuit of Freedom <\/em>never had a chance.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">1.  PAMELA D. BRIDGEWATER, BREEDING A NATION: REPRODUCTIVE SLAVERY, THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT, AND THE PURSUIT OF FREEDOM (South End Press 2014) <\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1631_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. South End Press went under shortly after publishing it in 2006, forcing the book out of print after a limited run.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">2. Judith Rosen, South End Throws in the Towel, PUBLISHERS WEEKLY (July 24, 2014), https:\/\/www.publishersweekly.com\/pw\/by-topic\/industrynews\/bookselling\/article\/63443-south-end-throws-in-the-towel.html&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_2');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1631_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> It is next to impossible to get a copy today. The author, a law professor and civil rights activist, passed away in 2014 at age forty-five.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">3. UW Law School Mourns the Loss of Pamela Bridgewater Toure \u201900, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON LAW SCHOOL: LAW SCHOOL NEWS (Jan. 27, 2015),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_3');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1631_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Her book has received next to no scholarly attention. That is a shame\u2014its exhaustive history and gifted narration lay bare the program of human breeding that pervaded the antebellum South. Bridgewater shows how slavery was propagated through control over the sex and wombs of enslaved women.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">4.  <em>See <\/em>BRIDGEWATER, <em>supra <\/em>note 1.<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1631_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> These abuses were not just <em>like <\/em>slavery, she argued, but as central to that institution as forced labor.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">5. <em>See id.<\/em><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1631_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>Bridgewater concluded that making women have children against their will strikes at the heart of their self-ownership and social fairness\u2014the very liberty and equality that the Thirteenth Amendment was enacted to restore.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">6. S<em>ee id.<\/em><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1631_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This Essay carries these themes into the present day. It asks what the lens of reproductive slavery can teach us about three live controversies: abortion, surrogacy, and race selection. Among these, only abortion bans are vulnerable to a plausible Thirteenth Amendment challenge: namely, that criminalizing abortion access subjects women to&nbsp;\u201cinvoluntary servitude.\u201d&nbsp;Pregnancy and childbirth are not as coercive in most contract surrogacy, when a woman agrees in advance to carry a child for someone else. That does not necessarily make her gestational service voluntary in the meaningful sense that gives its performance moral force\u2014but it almost certainly has constitutional force for Thirteenth Amendment purposes. The final reproductive context under review here is fertility mix-ups in which assisted procreation patients end up with a baby of a different racial background. Negligence suits in these cases push the limits of Bridgewater\u2019s analysis. They evoke the racial division and hierarchy that animate what the U.S. Supreme Court has called the&nbsp;\u201cbadges and incidents\u201d&nbsp;of slavery.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">7. Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409, 441 (1968).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1631_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Most people think of American slavery as the distinguishing institution of shackled auctions and plantation lashings.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">8. See Jamal Greene, Thirteenth Amendment Optimism, 112 COLUM. L. REV. 1733, 1736, 1740 (2012) (arguing that \u201cthe scopes of [slavery, involuntary servitude, and punishment] were well understood . . .&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_8');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1631_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> This is the institution that the Civil War extinguished with its commitment that \u201cneither slavery nor involuntary servitude . . . shall exist within the United States.\u201d<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">9. U.S. Const. amend. XIII.<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1631_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> The Thirteenth Amendment codified the emancipation of former slaves\u2014but it did more, too. During the Reconstruction-Era Black Codes, that constitutional guarantee also proscribed the bondage and chain gangs that bound debtors and their children to labor indefinitely with little if any prospect of ever paying back what they owe.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">10. See Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. 36, 72 (1873) (holding that \u201c[w]hile the thirteenth article of amendment was intended primarily to abolish African slavery, it equally forbids Mexican peonage or&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_10');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1631_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> But more than a few courts and commentators since have sought to limit the reach of the Thirteenth Amendment to this eradication of peonage and chattel slavery.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">11. See, e.g., The Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3, 25 (1883); David P. Currie, THE CONSTITUTION IN THE SUPREME COURT: THE FIRST HUNDRED YEARS 1789\u20131888, at 400\u201301 (1985); Joyce E. McConnell, Beyond&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_11');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1631_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Bridgewater rejected such cramped understandings.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">12. <em>See <\/em>BRIDGEWATER, <em>supra <\/em>note 1.<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1631_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> She was not the first: Other scholars have proposed applying the Thirteenth against race-based denials of equal rights to own property, make contracts, or participate in court.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">13<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">13. See MARK V. TUSHNET, THE AMERICAN LAW OF SLAVERY: 1810\u20131860, at 6, 33 (1981); James Gray Pope, Section 1 of the Thirteenth Amendment and the Badges and Incidents of Slavery, 65 UCLA L. REV. 426,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_13');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1631_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Some invoke that Amendment more generously to prohibit all kinds of oppressive conduct\u2014from child labor, child abuse, and domestic violence to hate crimes, sex trafficking, and capital punishment.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">14. See Akhil Reed Amar, The Case of the Missing Amendments: R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 106 HARV. L. REV. 124, 126, 155\u201356 (1992); Akhil Reed Amar &amp; Daniel Widawsky, Child Abuse as Slavery: A&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_14');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1631_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Bridgewater built on these claims to argue that constitutional abolition was capacious enough to bar conditions of domination over matters of pregnancy and parenthood.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1631_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">15. <em>See <\/em>BRIDGEWATER, <em>supra <\/em>note 1.<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1631_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> This is her core insight that this Essay will try to extend to the present-day contexts of abortion, surrogacy, and race selection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>To read more, click here: <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/live-cornell-law-review.pantheonsite.io\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Fox-essay-final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Thirteenth Amendment Reflections on Abortion, Surrogacy, and Race Selection<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1631_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1631_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1631_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_1631_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1631_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> PAMELA D. BRIDGEWATER, BREEDING A NATION: REPRODUCTIVE SLAVERY, THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT, AND THE PURSUIT OF FREEDOM (South End Press 2014) <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1631_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Judith Rosen, South End Throws in the Towel, PUBLISHERS WEEKLY (July 24, 2014), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.publishersweekly.com\/pw\/by-topic\/industrynews\/bookselling\/article\/63443-south-end-throws-in-the-towel.html<\/span> [<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/RE2X-DLQF\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/RE2X-DLQF<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1631_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> <em>UW Law School Mourns the Loss of Pamela Bridgewater Toure \u201900<\/em>, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON LAW SCHOOL: LAW SCHOOL NEWS (Jan. 27, 2015), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/law.wisc.edu\/current\/Articles\/UW_Law_School_mourns_the_loss_of_20<\/span> 15-01-21 [<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/3XKR-3P49\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/3XKR-3P49<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1631_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"> <em>See <\/em>BRIDGEWATER, <em>supra <\/em>note 1.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1631_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See id.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1631_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">S<em>ee id.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1631_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409, 441 (1968).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1631_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See <\/em>Jamal Greene, <em>Thirteenth Amendment Optimism<\/em>, 112 COLUM. L. REV. 1733, 1736, 1740 (2012) (arguing that \u201cthe scopes of [slavery, involuntary servitude, and punishment] were well understood . . . at the time of the [Thirteenth] Amendment\u2019s adoption and [] remain well understood today\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1631_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">U.S. Const. amend. XIII.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1631_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See <\/em>Slaughter-House Cases, 83 U.S. 36, 72 (1873) (holding that \u201c[w]hile the thirteenth article of amendment was intended primarily to abolish African slavery, it equally forbids Mexican peonage or the Chinese coolie trade, when they amount to slavery or involuntary servitude\u201d) <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1631_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See, e.g.<\/em>, The Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3, 25 (1883); David P. Currie, THE CONSTITUTION IN THE SUPREME COURT: THE FIRST HUNDRED YEARS 1789\u20131888, at 400\u201301 (1985); Joyce E. McConnell, <em>Beyond Metaphor: Battered Women, Involuntary Servitude and the Thirteenth Amendment<\/em>, 4 YALE J.L. &amp; FEMINISM 207, 217 (1991).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi\" ><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1631_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_12');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12,<\/a> <a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1631_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_15');\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See <\/em>BRIDGEWATER, <em>supra <\/em>note 1.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1631_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See <\/em>MARK V. TUSHNET, THE AMERICAN LAW OF SLAVERY: 1810\u20131860, at 6, 33 (1981); James Gray Pope, <em>Section 1 of the Thirteenth Amendment and the Badges and Incidents of Slavery<\/em>, 65 UCLA L. REV. 426, 486 (2018).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1631_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1631_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1631_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See <\/em>Akhil Reed Amar, <em>The Case of the Missing Amendments: <\/em>R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 106 HARV. L. REV. 124, 126, 155\u201356 (1992); Akhil Reed Amar &amp; Daniel Widawsky, <em>Child Abuse as Slavery: A Thirteenth Amendment Response to <\/em>Deshaney, 105 HARV. L. REV. 1359, 1365, 1384 (1992); Baher Azmy, <em>Unshackling the Thirteenth Amendment: Modern Slavery and a Reconstructed Civil Rights Agenda<\/em>, 71 FORDHAM L. REV. 981, 999 (2002); William M. Carter, Jr., <em>A Thirteenth Amendment Framework for Combating Racial Profiling<\/em>, 39 HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV. 17, 20, 93 (2004); Douglas L. Colbert, <em>Liberating the Thirteenth Amendment<\/em>, 30 HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV. 1, 47\u201349 (1995); Jennifer L. Conn, <em>Sexual Harassment: A Thirteenth Amendment Response<\/em>, 28 COLUM. J.L. &amp; SOC. PROBS. 519, 556 (1995); Sarah C. Courtman, Comment, <em>Sweet Land of Liberty: The Case Against the Federal Marriage Amendment<\/em>, 24 PACE L. REV. 301, 328 (2003); Marcellene Elizabeth Hearn, Comment, <em>A Thirteenth Amendment Defense of the Violence Against Women Act<\/em>, 146 U. PA. L. REV. 1097, 1098 (1998); Dawinder S. Sidhu, <em>Threshold Liberty<\/em>, 37 CARDOZO L. REV. 503, 541 (2015).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_1631_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1631_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1631_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_1631_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1631_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1631_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1631_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1631_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1631_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_1631_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_1631_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1631_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_1631_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1631_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pamela Bridgewater\u2019s Breeding a Nation: Reproductive Slavery, the Thirteenth Amendment, and the Pursuit of Freedom never had a chance.11. 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