{"id":1657,"date":"2019-09-15T03:35:00","date_gmt":"2019-09-15T03:35:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/live-cornell-law-review.pantheonsite.io\/?p=1657"},"modified":"2026-05-26T16:15:37","modified_gmt":"2026-05-26T16:15:37","slug":"the-thirteenth-amendment-and-self-determination","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/2019\/09\/15\/the-thirteenth-amendment-and-self-determination\/","title":{"rendered":"The Thirteenth Amendment and Self-Determination"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Slavery in the American South was a system of government that denied self-determination to Black communities. The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution promised that&nbsp;\u201c[n]either slavery nor involuntary servitude . . . shall exist within the United States.\u201d<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">1. &nbsp;U.S. CONST. amend. XIII, \u00a7 1.<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1657_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;Today, Black communities and other subordinated communities are demanding self- determination and community control of the laws and policies that affect them. The Movement for Black Lives, for example, has demanded&nbsp;\u201ca world where those most impacted in our communities control the laws, institutions, and policies that are meant to serve us.\u201d<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">2. &nbsp;THE MOVEMENT FOR BLACK LIVES, Community Control, https:\/\/policy.m4bl.org\/about\/ [https:\/\/www.perma.cc\/S3H6-SPKH] (last accessed Jan. 26, 2019). The Movement for Black Lives was organized&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_2');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1657_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;The Movement\u2019s&nbsp;\u201cintersectionally sensitive\u201d<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">3. &nbsp;Devon W. Carbado, <em>Blue-on-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes<\/em>, 104 GEO. L.J. 1479, 1481 n.5 (2016).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1657_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;and&nbsp;\u201chyper-local\u201d<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">4. &nbsp;Mark Winston Griffith, <em>Black Love Matters<\/em>, THE NATION (July 28, 2015), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/black-love-matters\/<\/span> &nbsp;[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.perma.cc\/8JHY-EBF4\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.perma.cc\/8JHY-EBF4<\/span><\/a>].<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1657_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> platform&nbsp;\u201csignals the  revitalization of alternative forms of participatory democracy\u201d<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">5. Cf. Veryl Pow, Rebellious Social Movement Lawyering Against Traffic Court Debt, 64 UCLA L. REV. 1770, 1772 (2017) (discussing Black Lives Matter movements generally); Akbar, supra note 2, at 407 n.3&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_5');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1657_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;that entail not simply rights or votes, but also powers to decide. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This Essay considers whether the Thirteenth Amendment might support or reflect this type of demand for collective self-determination. The Supreme Court has read the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to abolish chattel slavery and other forms of compulsory labor that deny an individual right to liberty.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">6. United States v. Kozminski, 487 U.S. 931, 942\u201344 (1988).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1657_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> It has further held that Section 2 of the Amendment authorizes Congress to legislate to eliminate the \u201cbadges and incidents of slavery,\u201d<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">7. The Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3, 20 (1883).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1657_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> which includes the authority to protect the right to buy and sell property against racial discrimination.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">8. See Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409, 412, 421\u201322 (1968) (holding that Congress had constitutional authority to enact 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1982, which provides that \u201c[a]ll citizens of the&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_8');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1657_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Whether the Thirteenth Amendment goes further still to protect collective self-determination is an open question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">My aim in this Essay is to explore a story of racial equality that connects demands for community control and collective self-determination with the Thirteenth Amendment\u2019s promise to abolish slavery.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">9. U.S. CONST. amend. XIII, \u00a7 1.<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1657_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;Looking to the Thirteenth Amendment opens up possibilities not envisioned in the canonical&nbsp;<em>Carolene Products&nbsp;<\/em>approach to the Fourteenth Amendment\u2019s equal protection guarantee, which focuses upon judicial protection of the rights of&nbsp;\u201cdiscrete and insular minorities,\u201d<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">10. United States v. Carolene Prods. Co., 304 U.S. 144, 152 n.4 (1938).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1657_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;or, in modern parlance,&nbsp;\u201csuspect\u201d&nbsp;and&nbsp;\u201cquasi-suspect\u201d&nbsp;classes.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">11. Russell K. Robinson, Unequal Protection, 68 STAN. L. REV. 151, 164 n.89 (2016) (\u201cRather than refer to discrete and insular minorities, the Court now speaks of \u2018suspect\u2019 or \u2018quasi-suspect\u2019&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_11');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1657_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This Essay does not attempt a complete exploration of the questions it raises. Rather, taking criminal justice as its primary example, this Essay sketches the Thirteenth Amendment\u2019s potential to support or at least reflect a&nbsp;\u201cdemosprudence\u201d<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">12. Lani Guinier &amp; Gerald Torres, Changing the Wind: Notes Toward A Demosprudence of Law and Social Movements, 123 YALE L.J. 2740, 2749 (2014) (\u201cWhereas jurisprudence examines the extent to which&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_12');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1657_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;of equality and self-determination. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following three Parts consider the possibility of\u2014and some challenges to\u2014this interpretation of the Thirteenth Amendment.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">13<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">13. The italicized reference is to Ava DuVernay\u2019s 13th, a documentary that explores the Thirteenth Amendment\u2019s fraught relationship with mass incarceration in light of the Amendment\u2019s Exception&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_13');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1657_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Part I discusses community control and collective self-determination as components of demands for racial equality. Part II connects this type of demand with the Thirteenth Amendment. Part III draws upon Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw\u2019s work on intersectionality<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">14. See Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw, Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color, 43 STAN. L. REV. 1241, 1242 (1991) [hereinafter Crenshaw, Margins]; Kimberl\u00e9&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_14');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1657_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> and Angela Harris\u2019s work on essentialism<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">15. <em>See <\/em>Angela P. Harris, <em>Race and Essentialism in Feminist Legal Theory<\/em>, 42 STAN. L. REV. 581, 585 (1990).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1657_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> to identify some of the ways in which a Thirteenth Amendment analysis might take the complexities of collective self-determination into account by making visible myriad forms of domination.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">16<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">16. Cf. ALEXANDER TSESIS, THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT AND AMERICAN FREEDOM: A LEGAL HISTORY 108 (2004) (\u201cThe Thirteenth Amendment provides Congress with the power to end any private or state-sponsored&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_16');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1657_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This Essay is concerned with&nbsp;<em>communities&nbsp;<\/em>in particular places and spaces rather than a singular&nbsp;<em>community<\/em>. It takes as a premise that the relationships among race, community, and identity are complex.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">17<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">17. Race, as Ian Haney L\u00f3pez has argued, \u201cis in fact closely tied to the construction of personal identities and communities,\u201d but is nevertheless distinguishable from specific communities, \u201coften&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_17');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1657_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;Regina Austin has argued that a singular&nbsp;\u201c\u2018black community\u2019&nbsp;. . . is more of an idea, or an ideal, than a reality,\u201d&nbsp;while nevertheless seeking to revitalize the ideal of community as part of a pursuit of freedom for&nbsp;\u201creal black communities.\u201d<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">18<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">18. Regina Austin, <em>\u201cThe Black Community,\u201d Its Lawbreakers, and a Politics of Identification<\/em>, 65 S. CAL. L. REV. 1769, 1769, 1817 (1992).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1657_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;Thus, while Parts I and II explore an idea of collective self-determination for communities, Part III acknowledges how this idea can make invisible&nbsp;\u201cthose at the margins\u201d&nbsp;of communities.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1657_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">19<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">19. <em>See <\/em>Robinson, <em>supra <\/em>note 11, at 211 (looking to \u201cinsights of intersectionality\u201d in order \u201cto make visible those at the margins of racial and sexual minority communities\u201d).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1657_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>To read more, click here: <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/live-cornell-law-review.pantheonsite.io\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Davis-essay-final.pdf\"><em>The Thirteenth Amendment and Self-Determination.<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1657_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1657_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1657_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_1657_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1657_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">&nbsp;U.S. CONST. amend. XIII, \u00a7 1.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1657_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">&nbsp;THE MOVEMENT FOR BLACK LIVES, <em>Community Control<\/em>, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/policy.m4bl.org\/about\/<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.perma.cc\/S3H6-SPKH\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.perma.cc\/S3H6-SPKH<\/span><\/a>] (last accessed Jan. 26, 2019). The Movement for Black Lives was organized \u201c[i]n response to the sustained and increasingly visible violence against Black communities in the U.S. and globally\u201d and is a \u201ccollective of more than 50 organizations representing thousands of Black people from across [the United States].\u201d THE MOVEMENT FOR BLACK LIVES, <em>Platform<\/em>, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/policy.m4bl.org\/platform\/<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.perma.cc\/2P45-PFYL\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.perma.cc\/2P45-PFYL<\/span><\/a>] (last accessed Jan. 26, 2019); <em>see <\/em>Amna A. Akbar, <em>Toward a Radical Imagination of Law<\/em>, 93 N.Y.U. L. REV. 405, 408 (2018) (\u201cThe [Movement for Black Lives] is focused on shifting power into Black and other marginalized communities.\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1657_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">&nbsp;Devon W. Carbado, <em>Blue-on-Black Violence: A Provisional Model of Some of the Causes<\/em>, 104 GEO. L.J. 1479, 1481 n.5 (2016).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1657_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">&nbsp;Mark Winston Griffith, <em>Black Love Matters<\/em>, THE NATION (July 28, 2015), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/black-love-matters\/<\/span> &nbsp;[<a href=\"https:\/\/www.perma.cc\/8JHY-EBF4\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.perma.cc\/8JHY-EBF4<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1657_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>Cf. <\/em>Veryl Pow, <em>Rebellious Social Movement Lawyering Against Traffic Court Debt<\/em>, 64 UCLA L. REV. 1770, 1772 (2017) (discussing Black Lives Matter movements generally); Akbar, <em>supra <\/em>note 2, at 407 n.3 (noting that Movement for Black Lives includes chapter-based Black Lives Matter organization).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1657_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">United States v. Kozminski, 487 U.S. 931, 942\u201344 (1988).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1657_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3, 20 (1883).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1657_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See <\/em>Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409, 412, 421\u201322 (1968) (holding that Congress had constitutional authority to enact 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 1982, which provides that \u201c[a]ll citizens of the United States shall have the same right, in every State and Territory, as is enjoyed by white citizens thereof to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1657_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">U.S. CONST. amend. XIII, \u00a7 1.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1657_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">United States v. Carolene Prods. Co., 304 U.S. 144, 152 n.4 (1938).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1657_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Russell K. Robinson, <em>Unequal Protection<\/em>, 68 STAN. L. REV. 151, 164 n.89 (2016) (\u201cRather than refer to discrete and insular minorities, the Court now speaks of \u2018suspect\u2019 or \u2018quasi-suspect\u2019 classes.\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1657_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lani Guinier &amp; Gerald Torres, <em>Changing the Wind: Notes Toward A Demosprudence of Law and Social Movements<\/em>, 123 YALE L.J. 2740, 2749 (2014) (\u201cWhereas jurisprudence examines the extent to which the rights of \u2018discrete and insular\u2019 minorities are protected by judges interpreting ordinary legal and constitutional doctrine, demosprudence explores the ways that political, economic, or social minorities cannot simply rely on judicial decisions as the solution to their problems.\u201d)(footnote omitted).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1657_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The italicized reference is to Ava DuVernay\u2019s <em>13th<\/em>, a documentary that explores the Thirteenth Amendment\u2019s fraught relationship with mass incarceration in light of the Amendment\u2019s Exception Clause, which permits slavery or involuntary servitude \u201cas a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.\u201d U.S. CONST. amend. XIII, \u00a7 2. <em>See <\/em>13TH, Directed by Ava DuVernay (Netflix 2016), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.netflix.com\/watch\/80091741<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/55NR-35L7\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/55NR-35L7<\/span><\/a>]; <em>infra <\/em>Part III (discussing the Exceptions Clause).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1657_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See <\/em>Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw, <em>Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color<\/em>, 43 STAN. L. REV. 1241, 1242 (1991) [hereinafter Crenshaw, <em>Margins<\/em>]; Kimberl\u00e9 Crenshaw, <em>Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics<\/em>, 1989 U. CHI. LEGAL F. 139, 140.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1657_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See <\/em>Angela P. Harris, <em>Race and Essentialism in Feminist Legal Theory<\/em>, 42 STAN. L. REV. 581, 585 (1990).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1657_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>Cf. <\/em>ALEXANDER TSESIS, THE THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT AND AMERICAN FREEDOM: A LEGAL HISTORY 108 (2004) (\u201cThe Thirteenth Amendment provides Congress with the power to end any private or state-sponsored domination that prevents individuals from participating in civil society as rational, autonomous agents.\u201d); Jack M. Balkin &amp; Sanford Levinson, <em>The Dangerous Thirteenth Amendment<\/em>, 112 COLUM. L. REV. 1459, 1470 (2012) (arguing that Thirteenth Amendment has been neglected because taking it seriously might mean \u201cembarking on the project of ending domination in social life\u201d); Rebecca E. Zietlow, <em>Free at Last! Anti-Subordination and The Thirteenth Amendment<\/em>, 90 B.U. L. REV. 255, 268 (2010) (developing vision of Thirteenth Amendment that \u201ctakes into account the fact that racial, gender, and economic subordination are interconnected\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1657_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Race, as Ian Haney L\u00f3pez has argued, \u201cis in fact closely tied to the construction of personal identities and communities,\u201d but is nevertheless distinguishable from specific communities, \u201coften geographically defined,\u201d that are based upon shared experiences and \u201ccan serve as mediums linking race to identity and back again.\u201d Ian F. Haney L\u00f3pez, <em>The Social Construction of Race: Some Observations on Illusion, Fabrication, and Choice<\/em>, 29 HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV. 1, 54 (1994).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1657_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_18');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_18\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Regina Austin, <em>\u201cThe Black Community,\u201d Its Lawbreakers, and a Politics of Identification<\/em>, 65 S. CAL. L. REV. 1769, 1769, 1817 (1992).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1657_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1657_1_19');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1657_1_19\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See <\/em>Robinson, <em>supra <\/em>note 11, at 211 (looking to \u201cinsights of intersectionality\u201d in order \u201cto make visible those at the margins of racial and sexual minority communities\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_1657_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1657_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1657_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_1657_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1657_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1657_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1657_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1657_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1657_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_1657_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_1657_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1657_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_1657_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1657_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Slavery in the American South was a system of government that denied self-determination to Black communities. The Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution promised that&nbsp;\u201c[n]either slavery nor involuntary servitude . . . shall exist within the United States.\u201d11. &nbsp;U.S. CONST. amend. XIII, \u00a7 1.&nbsp;Today, Black communities and other subordinated communities are demanding self- determination and&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[26,15,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1657","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-essay","category-online-volume-104","category-archives"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1657","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1657"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1657\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4652,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1657\/revisions\/4652"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1657"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1657"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1657"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}