{"id":1668,"date":"2019-09-28T03:54:00","date_gmt":"2019-09-28T03:54:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/live-cornell-law-review.pantheonsite.io\/?p=1668"},"modified":"2025-03-10T17:50:19","modified_gmt":"2025-03-10T17:50:19","slug":"the-thirteenth-amendment-an-epilogue-on-the-questions-of-reach-freedom-and-equality","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/2019\/09\/28\/the-thirteenth-amendment-an-epilogue-on-the-questions-of-reach-freedom-and-equality\/","title":{"rendered":"The Thirteenth Amendment: An Epilogue on the Questions of Reach, Freedom, and Equality"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Banality of Slavery<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The Thirteenth Amendment served as a corrective to a vile, but strangely normalized, practice\u2014human slavery. An institutionalized practice so common that at one point 40% of New York\u2019s inhabitants were slaves.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">1. Michele Goodwin,&nbsp;<em>The Thirteenth Amendment: Modern Slavery, Capitalism, and Modern Incarceration<\/em>, 104 CORNELL&nbsp;L. REV. 899, 1021(2019).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1668_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;Thus, on one hand, slavery\u2019s reach can be marked by chilling statistics that speak to its scope and scale even in the North, East, and West.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Slavery\u2019s statistical past resists the white-washing of history. By the commencement of the Civil War&nbsp;\u201cthe South was producing 75 percent of the world\u2019s cotton and creating more millionaires per capita in the Mississippi River valley than anywhere\u201d&nbsp;else in the United States.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">2. Greg Timmons,&nbsp;How Slavery Became the Economic Engine of the South,&nbsp;HISTORY&nbsp;(Mar. 6, 2018), https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/slavery-profitable- southern-economy&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_2');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1668_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;As Beckert and Rockman explain,&nbsp;\u201cslave-grown cotton was the most valuable export made in America.\u201d<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">3. SVEN BECKERT AND SETH ROCKMAN, SLAVERY\u2019S CAPITALISM: A NEW HISTORY OF AMERICAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1 (2016).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1668_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The dramatic breadth of human slavery in the United States evidences the broad economic and social reach of the enterprise far beyond the confederacy\u2014in essence, unabashed northern reliance, profit, and complicity. In fact,&nbsp;\u201c[t]he slave economy of the southern states had ripple effects throughout the entire U.S. economy, with plenty of merchants in New York City, Boston, and elsewhere helping to organize the trade of slave-grown agricultural commodities and enjoying plenty of riches as a result.\u201d<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">4. Dina Gerdeman,&nbsp;The Clear Connection Between Slavery and American Capitalism,&nbsp;FORBES&nbsp;(May 3, 2017),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_4');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1668_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On the other hand, we might think about slavery beyond its capitalist reach to study its banality. In this, perhaps, is slavery\u2019s most vile legacy. That which still haunts and festers. That is, the common, everyday type of practice of purchasing babies, children, women, and men, locking them in cages, securing iron rings around their necks, brutalizing them in the fields, and creating means to denigrate them physically and torment them psychologically\u2014all of which were part of the social practice of Antebellum slavery, protected by American laws, legislatures, and courts. And perhaps in this, the odiousness of the institution becomes better realized and its stench and stain better studied and understood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is this normalcy, this new nation becoming immune to shackled children who are bid upon not simply for a day and not simply for one terrifying week. Rather, a day and week that flow into one month of bargaining for the renting, leasing, and purchasing of human flesh for the promise of its lasting, uncompensated servitude. And, one month of such a nightmarish enterprise: leveraging currency against men, women, and children would certainly corrupt the psyche of both the subject of the sale (rendered an object) and the bidder, broker, and ultimate purchaser or consumer of human flesh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One month of this state of capturing, shackling, selling, haggling, bidding, renting, and selling inscribes an indelible mark\u2014not only on the sold, the seller, and the purchaser, but also on the voyeurs. And what of the voyeurs? The bystanders of the trade: the calligraphers who beautifully pen the advertisements; the newspapers that print the advertisements; the builders of the platforms on which the terrified\u2014often naked bodies stand for sale\u2014otherwise known as the&nbsp;\u201cauction block\u201d; and others. Modern ignorance reduces the lexicon of slavery to slaves and owners, but in reality liens, lots, escrow, grading, consignee, consignor, caller, and commission contextualize and color the practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The reach of slavery must be interrogated beyond the typical statistical queries related to&nbsp;\u201chow many?\u201d&nbsp;or where (i.e., slavery was practiced East, North, West, and South)\u2014even though that data matters and confirms that it did occur here. Such queries and answers reflect the pain and humiliation of slavery; the justifiable and understandable need for acknowledgment of a terrible wrong. An intellectual reckoning and political accountability not yet fully cultivated nor availed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Southern states fought to maintain the chokehold on enslaved Africans, and northern states, and the federal government, cultivated a cruel complicity in the enterprise, most readily identified the congressional enactment of the Fugitive Slave Act on September 8, 1850. No exceptions existed for children or women. Instead, antebellum slavery in the United States was a finely-honed enterprise that legally equated children, women, and men with the chattel of the fields.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Fugitive Slave Act reified this notion of the human savage, destined for labor in the fields\uf0bejust as mules, oxen, cows, and other cattle. At a time of heightened enlightenment and abolitionist activism, members of Congress forged a compromise with the South that denied any Blacks alleged to be slaves the right to even testify on their own behalf. The law maintained that all escaped, formerly enslaved persons in so- called&nbsp;\u201cfree\u201d&nbsp;states were, under penalty of law, to be returned to their owners. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">5. Fugitive Slave Act, 9 Stat. 462, 462 (1850) (repealed 1864).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1668_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Section 6 of the law captures its indifference to oppression, inequalities, privacy, and cruel and unusual punishment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><em>And be it further enacted, That when a person held to service or labor in any State or Territory of the United States, has heretofore or shall hereafter escape into another State or Territory of the United States, the person or persons to whom such labor or service may be due . . . may pursue and reclaim such fugitive person, either by procuring a warrant from some one of the courts, judges, or commissioners aforesaid, . . . or by seizing and arresting such fugitive, where the same can be done without process, and by taking, or causing such person to be taken, forthwith before such court, judge, or commissioner . . . ; and upon satisfactory proof being made, . . . to use such reasonable force and restraint as may be necessary, under the circumstances of the case, to take and remove such fugitive person back to the State or Territory whence he or she may have escaped as aforesaid. In no trial or hearing under this act shall the testimony of such alleged<\/em> <em>fugitive be admitted in evidence . . . .<\/em><sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">6. <em>Id. <\/em>at 463.<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1668_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>In reality, the Fugitive Slave Act rendered vulnerable all Blacks living in the United States. Without the ability to defend their freedom by providing evidence of it in a court, the status of free Blacks was in a sense determined by bounty hunters or captors: individuals paid to not only recover slaves, but also find new ones.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">7. See generally&nbsp;CAROL&nbsp;WILSON, FREEDOM AT&nbsp;RISK: THE&nbsp;KIDNAPPING OF&nbsp;FREE&nbsp;BLACKS IN&nbsp;AMERICA, 1780\u20131865, at 6 (1994) (focusing&nbsp;\u201con the efforts to force into&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_7');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1668_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The federal government\u2019s complicity is what can appropriately be described as the fallibility of government. After all, Section 7 of the Fugitive Slave Act<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">8. Fugitive Slave Act, 9 Stat. 462, 464 (1850) (repealed 1864).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1668_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;imposed criminal penalties in the forms of fines and incarceration: up to $1,000 and six months imprisonment\u2014roughly the equivalent of almost $33,000, in contemporary terms\u2014for those who violated the law by harboring or protecting people claimed to be slaves.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">9. An analysis of the value of $1,000 in 1850 was conducted on July 14, 2019, using a common conversion tool: the CPI Inflation Calculator. CPI INFLATION&nbsp;CALCULATOR,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_9');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1668_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;As such, it potentially punished even those attempting to help free Black persons remain free in the so- called&nbsp;\u201cfree\u201d&nbsp;states. In a deeply perverse sense, the Fugitive Slave Act spread the enterprise of slavery to every county and city and the United States. As no Black was safe from capture under the Fugitive Slave Act, so too was no state truly free of slavery\u2019s reach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Slavery\u2019s colossal stain has much to do with the banality of enterprise\u2014its lingering\u2014which simply became ordinary and day-to-day. This makes victims of us all. The day-to-day of debating whether to place a child for sale; what price must or might she fetch; the transport and fees associated with the sale\u2014or the barters\u2014how many goats, cows, and pigs for a child? That this could last a month among peoples who fought desperately for freedom themselves could be startling. Yet months expanded, reaching into years, which flowed into decades: barter, bid, rent, lease, sell, invest, haggle, negotiate, and renegotiate. And these profound practices, rendered mundane and ordinary, lasted into centuries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The horror is not simply in the cowardly lies that exalted the righteousness of slavery, of which Noel Rae reminds us.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1668_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">10. <em>See&nbsp;<\/em>NOEL&nbsp;RAY, THE&nbsp;GREAT&nbsp;STAIN: WITNESSING&nbsp;AMERICAN&nbsp;SLAVERY&nbsp;1 (2018).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1668_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;Rather, it is when the justifications were no longer necessary to relieve doubt of the wrongfulness involuntary human slavery. The ultimate horror of slavery, which the Thirteenth Amendment sought to relieve, was the banality of Americans believing that there was nothing wrong with it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>To read more, click here: <a href=\"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/07\/Goodwin-epilogue-final.pdf\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/07\/Goodwin-epilogue-final.pdf\">The Thirteenth Amendment: An Epilogue on the Questions of Reach, Freedom, and Equality<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1668_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1668_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1668_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_1668_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1668_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Michele Goodwin,&nbsp;<em>The Thirteenth Amendment: Modern Slavery, Capitalism, and Modern Incarceration<\/em>, 104 CORNELL&nbsp;L. REV. 899, 1021(2019).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1668_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Greg Timmons,&nbsp;<em>How Slavery Became the Economic Engine of the South,&nbsp;<\/em>HISTORY&nbsp;(Mar. 6, 2018), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/slavery-profitable-<\/span> southern-economy [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/5DZY-8MLR\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/5DZY-8MLR<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1668_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">SVEN BECKERT AND SETH ROCKMAN, SLAVERY\u2019S CAPITALISM: A NEW HISTORY OF AMERICAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1 (2016).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1668_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Dina Gerdeman,&nbsp;<em>The Clear Connection Between Slavery and American Capitalism,&nbsp;<\/em>FORBES&nbsp;(May 3, 2017), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/hbsworkingknowledge\/2017\/05\/03\/the-clear-connection-between-slavery-and-american-capitalism\/#254449f7bd3b<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/K6EF-4KYX\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/K6EF-4KYX<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1668_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Fugitive Slave Act, 9 Stat. 462, 462 (1850) (repealed 1864).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1668_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>Id. <\/em>at 463.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1668_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See generally&nbsp;<\/em>CAROL&nbsp;WILSON, FREEDOM AT&nbsp;RISK: THE&nbsp;KIDNAPPING OF&nbsp;FREE&nbsp;BLACKS IN&nbsp;AMERICA, 1780\u20131865, at 6 (1994) (focusing&nbsp;\u201con the efforts to force into slavery black people who were legally free\u201d); MILT&nbsp;DIGGINS, STEALING&nbsp;FREEDOM&nbsp;ALONG THE&nbsp;MASON-DIXON&nbsp;LINE&nbsp;1 (2016) (discussing the acts of prominent Maryland&nbsp;\u201cslave catcher\u201d&nbsp;Thomas McCreary) <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1668_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Fugitive Slave Act, 9 Stat. 462, 464 (1850) (repealed 1864).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1668_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">An analysis of the value of $1,000 in 1850 was conducted on July 14, 2019, using a common conversion tool: the CPI Inflation Calculator. CPI INFLATION&nbsp;CALCULATOR, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.officialdata.org\/us\/inflation\/1850?amount=1000<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/B3YG-SDJE\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/B3YG-SDJE<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1668_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1668_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1668_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See&nbsp;<\/em>NOEL&nbsp;RAY, THE&nbsp;GREAT&nbsp;STAIN: WITNESSING&nbsp;AMERICAN&nbsp;SLAVERY&nbsp;1 (2018).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_1668_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1668_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1668_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_1668_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1668_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1668_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1668_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1668_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1668_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_1668_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_1668_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1668_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_1668_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1668_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Banality of Slavery The Thirteenth Amendment served as a corrective to a vile, but strangely normalized, practice\u2014human slavery. An institutionalized practice so common that at one point 40% of New York\u2019s inhabitants were slaves.11. Michele Goodwin,&nbsp;The Thirteenth Amendment: Modern Slavery, Capitalism, and Modern Incarceration, 104 CORNELL&nbsp;L. REV. 899, 1021(2019).&nbsp;Thus, on one hand, slavery\u2019s reach&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,15,26,41],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1668","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archives","category-clr-online-volume-104","category-essay","category-issue-4-volume-103"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1668","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1668"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1668\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4755,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1668\/revisions\/4755"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1668"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1668"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1668"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}