 {"id":2372,"date":"2020-09-15T04:08:06","date_gmt":"2020-09-15T04:08:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/live-cornell-law-review.pantheonsite.io\/?p=2372"},"modified":"2020-09-15T04:08:06","modified_gmt":"2020-09-15T04:08:06","slug":"developing-a-digital-property-law-regime","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/2020\/09\/15\/developing-a-digital-property-law-regime\/","title":{"rendered":"Developing a Digital Property Law Regime"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Imagine you bought a hat. Do you own it? It would clearly seem so. You paid for it with your money, and now you can wear it, cut it apart, throw it away, and decide whether other people can wear it and who specifically has that privilege. But what if you bought that hat in a virtual world such as an online multiplayer video game? You paid for it with your money, your character can choose to wear it or not, and other players cannot wear your hat without your permission. However, should the game developers decide to take away your hat, it seems that there is little that you could do in a legal sense. You might send a support request demanding your hat or at least some recompense, but it seems unlikely that you would be able to go to court over your virtual hat. The game developer created the game and the rules by which this game operates, and you as a player have agreed to those rules by playing this game. If the end user license agreement (EULA) says that game developers have free reign to decide when to give away hats and when to take away hats, then you as a player have consented to their power to do so.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These were the type of inquiries conducted in <em>Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc<\/em>.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">1. Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc., 487 F. Supp. 2d 593 (E.D. Pa. 2007).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2372_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Linden Labs developed a virtual world known as Second Life.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">2. SECOND&nbsp;LIFE, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/secondlife.com\/<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/M4DU-RGJJ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/M4DU-RGJJ<\/span><\/a>].<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2372_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Second Life is essentially an open virtual world where users can do just about anything, including, but not limited to, building things, buying and selling things, hanging out with friends, and going to the local virtual bar.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">3. See&nbsp;Kristen Kalning,&nbsp;If Second Life Isn\u2019t a Game, What Is It?, NBC NEWS.COM (Mar. 12, 2007, 5:54 PM), http:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/17538999\/ns\/technol-&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_3');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2372_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>  There is even a virtual currency called the Linden Dollar that facilitates the buying and selling of items, land, and services in Second Life.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">4. Gordon Scott,&nbsp;<em>Linden Dollar<\/em>, INVESTOPEDIA&nbsp;(June 28, 2019), https:\/\/ www.investopedia.com\/terms\/l\/linden-dollar.asp [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/D8DG- GGK6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/D8DG-<\/span> GGK6<\/a>].<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2372_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Many games have virtual currency systems that allow players to exchange real currency for in-game currency, which then allows them to buy in-game goods.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">5. Examples of different in-game items players could buy include Pok\u00e9 Balls in Pok\u00e9mon Go and Orbs in Fire Emblem Heroes.&nbsp; See, e.g., Bob Fekete,&nbsp;\u2018Poke \u0301mon Go\u2019 Cost: Price List for All&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_5');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2372_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>  What is most surprising about Second Life is that, not only can Linden Dollars be bought with real U.S. dollars, but Linden Dollars can also be exchanged back into U.S. dollars.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">6. Scott,&nbsp;<em>supra&nbsp;<\/em>note 4.<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2372_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>  As such, Marc Bragg, an attorney from Pennsylvania, once purchased several thousand dollars\u2019 worth of Second Life land.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">7. See Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc., 487 F. Supp. 2d 593, 596\u201397 (E.D. Pa. 2007); Tateru Nino, Bragg Vs Linden Lab\u2014The Story So Far, SECOND LIFE INSIDER, (Jan. 27, 2007, 5:01 AM),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_7');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2372_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> However, Linden Labs claimed that Marc Bragg had purchased the land through an exploit.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">8. <em>Linden Research<\/em>, 487 F. Supp. 2d at 597.<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2372_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> As punishment, Linden Labs \u201cbanned Bragg permanently from Second Life, canceling his account. . . . [and] it put up all of Bragg\u2019s virtual land for resale.\u201d<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">9. GREG LASTOWKA, VIRTUAL JUSTICE: THE NEW LAWS OF ONLINE WORLDS 17 (2010).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2372_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Linden Labs\u2019 EULA stated that it held the right to terminate a user\u2019s account for any reason, or for no reason.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">10. <em>Terms of Service<\/em>, LINDEN LAB, (July 31, 2017), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lindenlab.com\/<\/span> tos [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/KX6T-WNME\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/KX6T-WNME<\/span><\/a>].<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2372_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Ultimately, the case did not center around whether the land and items in Second Life were legally Bragg\u2019s property, but instead around whether the mandatory arbitration clause in Second Life\u2019s terms of service agreement was enforceable or not.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">11. See Linden Research, 487 F. Supp. 2d at 611 (holding that the mandatory arbitration clause in Linden\u2019s terns of service agreement was unenforceable because the Terms of Use was both procedurally&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_11');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2372_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More than a decade after Linden Research, we still have no clear answer to the digital property question. Further, we do not have a particularly clear conception of what digital property exactly is, and many early scholars would use the words digital property and virtual property interchangeably.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">12. Early virtual property scholars used the term virtual property to refer to many different things, and often used words such as virtual property and digital property interchangeably. I clarify the&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_12');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2372_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>  As the world becomes increasingly digitized, and more and more of what we own and use is moved to cyberspace, the question of what digital property exactly is and what rights should we have over it becomes more important. In this Note, I will argue that the nature of digital property requires us to radically rethink what types of property rights we have, and that ultimately a new class of specific \u201cvirtual property\u201d or \u201cdigital property\u201d rights is necessary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Part I, I give a brief history of the scholarship and debate around virtual property and argue why the virtual property debate is still important today. In Part II, I consider ways in which digital property and physical property may differ, and ultimately argue that Palka\u2019s<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_2372_1('footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">13<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">13. Przemyslaw Palka, Virtual Property: Towards a General Theory (Dec. 20, 2017) (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, European University Institute) (on file with Cadmus).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2372_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> work on virtual property takes the necessary steps toward a coherent and sensible digital property regime. In Part III, I attempt to create the basis of what a digital property rights regime may look like and suggest future developments to my theory on digital property.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To read the entire Note, click here: <a href=\"https:\/\/live-cornell-law-review.pantheonsite.io\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Dong-note-final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Developing a Digital Property Law Regime<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_2372_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_2372_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_2372_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_2372_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2372_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc., 487 F. Supp. 2d 593 (E.D. Pa. 2007).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2372_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">SECOND&nbsp;LIFE, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/secondlife.com\/<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/M4DU-RGJJ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/M4DU-RGJJ<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2372_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See&nbsp;<\/em>Kristen Kalning,&nbsp;<em>If Second Life Isn\u2019t a Game, What Is It?<\/em>, NBC NEWS.COM (Mar. 12, 2007, 5:54 PM), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/id\/17538999\/ns\/technol-<\/span> ogy_and_science-games\/t\/if-second-life-isnt-game-what-it\/#.Xd2_KVdKg2w [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/NF5C-CN6L\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/NF5C-CN6L<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2372_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Gordon Scott,&nbsp;<em>Linden Dollar<\/em>, INVESTOPEDIA&nbsp;(June 28, 2019), https:\/\/ www.investopedia.com\/terms\/l\/linden-dollar.asp [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/D8DG- GGK6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/D8DG-<\/span> GGK6<\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2372_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Examples of different in-game items players could buy include Pok\u00e9 Balls in Pok\u00e9mon Go and Orbs in Fire Emblem Heroes.&nbsp; <em>See, e.g.<\/em>, Bob Fekete,&nbsp;<em>\u2018Poke \u0301mon<\/em> <em>Go\u2019 Cost: Price List for All Microtransactions in the Latest Mobile Gaming Craze<\/em>, PLAYER.ONE&nbsp;(July 8, 2016), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.player.one\/pokemon-go-cost-price-list-<\/span> all-microtransactions-latest-mobile-gaming-craze-544518 (listing prices for vari- ous items in Poke \u0301mon Go in Poke \u0301coins) [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/5TAN-2TLX\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/5TAN-2TLX<\/span><\/a>]; Nadia Oxford,&nbsp;<em>Fire Emblem Heroes: How to Get Lots of Orbs<\/em>, USGAMER&nbsp;(June 8, 2017), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.usgamer.net\/articles\/08-06-2017-fire-emblem-heroes-how-to-get-<\/span> lots-of-orbs (describing how to acquire and use Orbs in Fire Emblem Heroes) [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/9HHB-KKZZ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/9HHB-KKZZ<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2372_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Scott,&nbsp;<em>supra&nbsp;<\/em>note 4.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2372_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See <\/em>Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc., 487 F. Supp. 2d 593, 596\u201397 (E.D. Pa. 2007); Tateru Nino, <em>Bragg Vs Linden Lab\u2014The Story So Far<\/em>, SECOND LIFE INSIDER, (Jan. 27, 2007, 5:01 AM), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080317055638\/<\/span> <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.secondlifeinsider.com\/2007\/01\/27\/bragg-vs-linden-lab-the-storyso-far\/<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/2XG8-QB3M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/2XG8-QB3M<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2372_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>Linden Research<\/em>, 487 F. Supp. 2d at 597.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2372_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">GREG LASTOWKA, VIRTUAL JUSTICE: THE NEW LAWS OF ONLINE WORLDS 17 (2010).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2372_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>Terms of Service<\/em>, LINDEN LAB, (July 31, 2017), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.lindenlab.com\/<\/span> tos [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/KX6T-WNME\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/KX6T-WNME<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2372_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See Linden Research<\/em>, 487 F. Supp. 2d at 611 (holding that the mandatory arbitration clause in Linden\u2019s terns of service agreement was unenforceable because the Terms of Use was both procedurally and substantively unconscionable).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2372_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Early virtual property scholars used the term virtual property to refer to many different things, and often used words such as virtual property and digital property interchangeably. I clarify the differences between digital property and virtual property in subpart II.B. Part I focuses on different scholars\u2019 theories of virtual and digital property, so they may use the term more interchangeably than I would.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_2372_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2372_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_2372_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Przemyslaw Palka, Virtual Property: Towards a General Theory (Dec. 20, 2017) (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, European University Institute) (on file with Cadmus).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_2372_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_2372_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_2372_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_2372_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_2372_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_2372_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_2372_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_2372_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_2372_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_2372_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_2372_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_2372_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_2372_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_2372_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;In this Note, I will argue that the nature of digital property requires us to radically rethink what types of property rights we have, and that ultimately a new class of specific \u201cvirtual property\u201d or \u201cdigital property\u201d rights is necessary. In Part I, I give a brief history of the scholarship and debate around virtual property and argue why the virtual property debate is still important today. In Part II, I consider ways in which digital property and physical property may differ, and ultimately argue that Palka\u2019s((Przemyslaw Palka, Virtual Property: Towards a General Theory (Dec. 20, 2017) (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, European University Institute) (on file with Cadmus).)) work on virtual property takes the necessary steps toward a coherent and sensible digital property regime. In Part III, I attempt to create the basis of what a digital property rights regime may look like and suggest future developments to my theory on digital property.&#8221;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,98,46,51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2372","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archives","category-issue-6-print-volume-105-archives","category-notes","category-print-volume-105-archives"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2372","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2372"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2372\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2372"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2372"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2372"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}