{"id":318,"date":"2019-05-15T13:42:29","date_gmt":"2019-05-15T13:42:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/live-cornell-law-review.pantheonsite.io\/?p=318"},"modified":"2019-05-15T13:42:29","modified_gmt":"2019-05-15T13:42:29","slug":"the-thirteenth-amendment-modern-slavery-capitalism-and-mass-incarceration","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/2019\/05\/15\/the-thirteenth-amendment-modern-slavery-capitalism-and-mass-incarceration\/","title":{"rendered":"The Thirteenth Amendment: Modern Slavery, Capitalism, and Mass Incarceration"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote has-text-align-left is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><em>Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\">Thirteenth Amendment (1865)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>On August 31, 2017, The New York Times published a provocative news article, \u201cThe Incarcerated Women Who Fight California\u2019s Wildfires.\u201d California is particularly known for its wildfires. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">1. 1 Jaime Lowe, The Incarcerated Women Who Fight California&#8217;s Wildfires, N.Y. Times, (Aug. 31, 2017),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_1');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> The dry-air, hot-weather conditions that persist much of the year and limited rainfall create the conditions that make pockets of the state ripe for devastating wildfires. Strong winds, often referred to as the Diablo (or the devil), radiate in the northern part of the state, exacerbating the already vulnerable conditions. The Santa Ana winds do the same in southern counties. Fighting these fires can be a matter of life or death. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In fact, Shawna Lynn Jones died in 2016, only hours after battling a fire in Southern California. She was nearly done with a three-year sentence\u2014barely two months remained of her incarceration. However, the night before, at 3 a.m., she and other women had been called to put out a raging fire. Tyquesha Brown recalls that the fire that night required traversing a steep hillside of loose rocks and soil. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">2. 2 <em>Id.<\/em><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> This made their task even more challenging. Another woman told a reporter that Jones struggled that night\u2014the weight of her gear and chain made it difficult for her to establish footing to hike up the hill where the fire blazed. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">3. 3 <em>Id.<\/em><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, she and the other women of Crew 13-3 performed their duties, holding back the fire so that it did not \u201cjump the line.\u201d <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">4. 4 <em>Id.<\/em> <\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> By doing so, they saved expensive properties in Malibu. However, Jones was dead by 10 a.m. the next morning. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">5. 5 <em>Id.<\/em><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> For \u201cless than $2 an hour,\u201d female inmates like Shawna Jones and Tyquesha Brown \u201cwork their bodies to the breaking point\u201d with this dangerous work. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">6. 6 <em>Id.<\/em> <\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>  The women trudge heavy chains, saws, medical supplies, safety gear, and various other equipment into burning hillsides surrounded by intense flames. On occasion, they may arrive \u201cahead of any aerial support or local fire trucks,\u201d <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">7. 7 <em>Id.<\/em> <\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> leaving the prisons in the peak of night, when it is pitch black, arriving before dawn to the color of bright flames and intense heat. Sometimes the women are called upon to \u201cset the line,\u201d meaning they clear \u201cpotential fuel from a six-foot-wide stretch of ground\u201d between the source of the fire (or whatever is burning) and the land or property in need of protection. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">8. 8 <em>Id.<\/em><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> They dig trenches, moving toward the fire with tools in hand, keeping about ten feet apart from each other while calling out conditions. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">9. 9 <em>Id.<\/em><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> The women cut wood, clearing it before the flames lick at its brittle brush. After, they scrape or shovel\u2014all in syncopation\u2014while clouds of smoke envelope them. For protection, thin bandanas or yellow handkerchiefs cover their mouths. They operate in a frightening rhythm of sorts: saw, hook, shovel, and rake charred earth, trees, or whatever remains from the blazing fire. To the naked eye, the women could appear to represent progress. For too long, state, federal, and local agencies excluded women from professions that demanded the service of their bodies at the front lines of anything other than childbearing, motherhood, and domestic duties. Women waged legal battles to become firefighters and police officers. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">10. 10 See Janice D. Yoder &amp; Patricia Aniakudo, When Pranks Become Harassment: The Case of African American Women Firefighters, 35 SEX ROLES 253, 266 (1996); Janice D. Yoder &amp; Patricia Aniakudo,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_10');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Thus, a glance at the women battling California&#8217;s fires might convey a message of hope and that the only battles left are the fires themselves\u2014and not the persistent claims of institutional and private discrimination, <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">11. 11 Justin Jouvenal, Female Firefighter\u2019s Suicide Is a \u2018Fire Bell in the Night,\u2019 WASH. POST (Aug. 22, 2016),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_11');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> such as colleagues urinating on their beds, <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">12. 12 SF Firefighters Accused of Peeing in Bed of Female Firefighter in \u2018Egregious Harassment\u2019 Case, CBS SF BAY AREA (Sept. 21, 2016, 12:03 PM),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_12');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> sexual harassment, <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">13<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">13. 13 John C. Griffith et al., Bullying at the Fire Station? Perceptions Based on Gender, Race and Sexual Orientation, 5 AM. INT\u2019L J. SOC. SCI. 34 (2016) (finding that \u201c[w]ith regard to sexual&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_13');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> and retaliation for performing their jobs well. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">14. 14 Michelle Roberts, Two Women Firefighters Sue San Jose for Gender Discrimination, NBC BAY AREA (June 1, 2017, 6:09 PM),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_14');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In fact, no special symbol adorns their uniforms announcing the prisoners&#8217; status. Make no mistake however; these women are inmates, performing arduous labor for cents on the dollar <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">15. 15 The Prison Policy Initiative (\u201cPPI\u201d) provides a comprehensive study of the payments that prisoners earn. Its work is vital for research such as this Article. See State and Federal Prison Wage&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_15');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> and without much training. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">16<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">16. 16 <em>Lower<\/em>, <em>supra<\/em> note 1.<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Civilian firefighters typically receive a three to four-year apprenticeship and a competitive wage. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">17<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">17. 17 Id.; see also BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, HOW TO BECOME A FIREFIGHTER, OCCUPATIONAL OUTLOOK HANDBOOK (Apr. 24, 2018), https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/protective-service\/firefighters.htm#tab-4&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_17');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> By contrast, after \u201cas little as three weeks\u201d training, the women who make it into the program are sent out to contain wildfires. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">18<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">18. 18 <em>Lowe<\/em>, <em>supra<\/em> note 1.<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Notwithstanding the troubling illnesses and even deaths that occur from inmates performing such dangerous tasks with limited training and incredibly low wages, such programs are perfectly legal. In some prisons and jails, inmates receive no pay or literally only pennies per hour for their labor, engendering analogies to slavery adapted to life behind bars. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">19<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">19. 19 See Michele Goodwin, Prison Policy Initiative Wage Study Update, supra note 15; Prison Policy Initiative, State and Federal Prison Wage Policies, supra note 15 (consolidating and reporting the pay&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_19');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> In Alabama, prisoners earn no pay for what are referred to as \u201cnonindustry jobs,\u201d although for work programs facilitated by the state for private industries (making couches, barbecue grills, and other items), a prisoner can earn $0.25 to $0.75 per hour. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">20<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">20. 20 Id.; see also Not Just License Plates: 54 Products Alabama Prisoners Get 25 to 75 Cents an Hour to Make, AL.COM (Apr. 2, 2017, 7:37 AM),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_20');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> The same is true in Arkansas, Florida, and Georgia. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">21<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">21. 21 See Michele Goodwin, Prison Policy Initiative Wage Study Update, supra note 15; Prison Policy Initiative, State and Federal Prison Wage Policies, supra note 15 (reporting that prisoners working in&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_21');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> In other states that pay for \u201cnon-industry\u201d jobs, the wages are hardly better; in Arizona, pay can be as little as $0.15 per hour or up to $0.20 in Louisiana\u2014with some exceptions for private industry jobs, which might fetch $1.00 per hour. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">22<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">22. 22 See Michele Goodwin, Prison Policy Initiative Wage Study Update, supranote 15 (reporting that prisoners working in state-owned businesses, \u201cCorrectional Industries,\u201d in Arizona and Louisiana&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_22');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ironically, the very first female firefighter, Molly Williams, was a slave, forced to put out fires in New York in the early 1800s. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">23<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">23. 23 Ginger Adams Otis, Molly Williams, a Black Woman and a Slave, Fought Fires Years Before the FDNY Was Formed Was a Pioneer for Fellow Female SmokeEaters, N.Y. DAILY NEWS (Apr. 26, 2015, 12:01 AM),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_23');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> A chilling, undated rendering of Molly depicts a Black woman without a coat and seemingly no gloves, pulling an engine (also known as a \u201cpumper\u201d) through thick snow, while white men in coats and top hats flee. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">24<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">24. 24 <em>Id.<\/em><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Molly\u2019s <em>owner <\/em>and city officials referred to her as a \u201cvolunteer\u201d firefighter; she doused flames while still tethered to the bondage of slavery and a strange, gendered uniform consisting of nothing but her apron and calico dress. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_25');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">25<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">25. 25 <em>Id. <\/em><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Molly\u2019s owner, a wealthy New York merchant, Benjamin Aymar, <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_26');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_26');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">26<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">26. 26 2 JOSEPH ALFRED SCOVILLE, THE OLD MERCHANTS OF NEW YORK CITY 72\u201379 (1866).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> conscribed her to this duty. Like the California inmates, Molly could not simply walk off the \u201cjob.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live-cornell-law-review.pantheonsite.io\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Goodwin-Molly-Rendering-1024x494.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1789\" width=\"628\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/07\/Goodwin-Molly-Rendering-1024x494.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/07\/Goodwin-Molly-Rendering-300x145.jpg 300w, https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/07\/Goodwin-Molly-Rendering-768x370.jpg 768w, https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/07\/Goodwin-Molly-Rendering-1536x741.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/07\/Goodwin-Molly-Rendering-2048x988.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>For inmates, sometimes the labor is for the state\u2014such as California harnessing prison labor to build roads, or to clear fires. According to Lt. Keith Radey, \u201c[a]ny fire you go on statewide, whether it be small or large, the inmate hand crews make up anywhere from 50 to 80 percent of the total fire personnel.\u201d<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_27');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_27');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">27<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">27. 27 <em>Lowe<\/em>, <em>supra <\/em>note 1.<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> And it is not just women who make up these fire crews\u2014 incarcerated men comprise the bulk of those who fight California\u2019s fires. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_28');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_28');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">28<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">28. 28 Id.; see also German Lopez, California Is Using Prison Labor to Fight Its Record Wildfires, VOX (Aug. 9, 2018, 12:20PM),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_28');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_28').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_28', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In other instances, inmates labor for private, multi-million and billion-dollar industries, earning very little or what might be described as \u201cslave-like\u201d wages. The most famous case of this was in the 1990s, when inmates sewed the merchandise sold by Victoria\u2019s Secret, J.C. Penney, and other retailers. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_29');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_29');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">29<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">29. 29 Emily Yahr, Yes, Prisoners Used to Sew Lingerie for Victoria\u2019s Secret \u2013 JustLike in \u2018Orange is the New Black\u2019 Season 3, WASH. POST (June 17, 2015),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_29');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_29').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_29', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Sometimes inmates work for the state, and in other instances, private businesses essentially lease their labor. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_30');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_30');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">30<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">30. 30 <em>Id. <\/em><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_30').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_30', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> The employers, whether private industry, the state, or private prisons, would be correct in pointing out that in the <em>traditional<\/em> sense, these women and men are not slaves; in fact, California refers to them as \u201cvolunteers.\u201d <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_31');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_31');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_31\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">31<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">31. 31 See Annika Neklason, California Is Running Out of Inmates to Fight Its Fires (Dec. 7, 2017),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_31');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_31').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_31', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> After all, American slavery was a specific, racialized institution abolished with the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_32');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_32');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_32\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">32<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">32. 32 U.S. CONST. amend. XIII; see, e.g., Michele Gillespie, The Sexual Politics of Race and Gender Mary Musgrove and the Georgia Trustees, in THE DEVIL\u2019S LANE: SEX AND RACE IN THE EARLY SOUTH 187&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_32');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_32').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_32', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For some rehabilitation programs and prison systems, employment is a key part of allowing inmates to develop skills, prepare for the workforce, and shape a positive life within and one day beyond prison walls. As social \u201creentry\u201d and \u201cban the box\u201d programs emerge, even more industries are open to assisting the formerly incarcerated upon their release. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_33');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_33');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_33\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">33<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">33. 33 Reentry and \u201cban the box\u201d programs focus on preventing recidivism, by assisting formerly incarcerated women and men as they reenter society after theirincarceration. Reentry refers to&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_33');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_33').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_33', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> However, whether these programs represent progress by producing outcomes that benefit rather than exploit inmates or serve as a \u201cchokehold,\u201d fitting within the narrow exception of the Thirteenth Amendment, which permits forced, uncompensated servitude or <em>slavery<\/em> of those convicted of crimes is a question that deserves debate and scrutiny. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_34');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_34');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_34\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">34<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">34. 34 See PAUL BUTLER, CHOKEHOLD: POLICING BLACK MEN 12 (2017) (\u201cThe Chokehold is something like an employment stimulus plan for working-class white people, who don\u2019t have to compete for jobs with&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_34');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_34').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_34', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Arguments that a low wage is better than no wage, and thus not slavery at all, fall short and fail to address the substantive quality of slavery embedded in the prison economy and how pernicious forms of servitude are ritualistically reimagined, reified, and re instantiated in the American criminal justice system. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_35');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_35');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_35\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">35<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">35. 35 See, e.g. , Tamar R. Birckhead, The New Peonage, 72 WASH. &amp; LEE L. REV. 1595, 1630 (2015) (examining what the author terms the \u201cnew peonage,\u201d arguing that the reconfiguration of the state&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_35');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_35').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_35', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Nor do such arguments shed light on the economic motivations of contemporary slavery. From an unpaid laborer\u2019s perspective, the conditions and terms that instantiate her condition may seem unfair, inhumane, and downright abusive. However, situated from the view of the state as \u201cholder\u201d of the labor, slavery of this sort is quite simply profitable and legal. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This Article argues that cries for penal reform, while important, do not speak to the urgent issue of slavery behind bars and the externalities that pervade the broader consequences of prison labor markets. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_36');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_36');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_36\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">36<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">36. 36 See generally DOUGLAS BLACKMON, SLAVERY BY ANOTHER NAME: THE RE-ENSLAVEMENT OF BLACK AMERICANS FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO WORLD WAR II (2008) (discussing the growth and use of the convict lease system&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_36');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_36').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_36', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Second, although recent attention to private prisons raises questions about whether states should contract with firms that seek to maximize profits in relation to incarceration, this work argues that slavery\u2019s fundamental importance to U.S. capitalism and the American economy extended beyond bankrolling private business interests in the 18th and 19th centuries. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For these reasons, now is an important time to consider these matters in order to develop a more robust jurisprudence in exile. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_37');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_37');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_37\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">37<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">37. 37 Mark A. Graber, Rethinking Equal Protection in Dark Times, 4 U. PA. J. CONST. L. 314, 314\u201315, 317 (2002); Richard M. Re, The New Supreme Court and the Jurisprudence In Exile, PRAWFSBLOG (Feb.&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_37');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_37').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_37', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Even though political interest and efforts to address the lingering consequences of legalized slavery may not be at the forefront of congressional or state legislative debate (if present at all), it is nevertheless important to grapple with this important issue. To answer Stephen Sachs\u2019 question, \u201c[i]f law is a matter of social practice, as most seem to agree, can there be social practices that hardly anybody in society knows about?\u201d <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_38');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_38');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_38\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">38<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">38. 38 Stephen E. Sachs, The \u201cConstitution in Exile\u201d as a Problem for Legal Theory, 89 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 2253, 2255 (2014) (footnote omitted) (challenging the notion of a constitution in exile, but&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_38');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_38').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_38', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>: yes, the prison slave economy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This Article makes two conceptual contributions. First, it tells a story about the Thirteenth Amendment forbidding one form of slavery while legitimating and preserving others. Of course, the text does not operate absent important actors: legislatures and courts. Yet, as explained by Reva Siegel, despite \u201crepeated condemnation of slavery,\u201d such united opposition to the practice \u201cmay instead function to exonerate practices contested in the present, none of which looks so unremittingly \u2018evil\u2019 by contrast.\u201d <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_39');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_39');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_39\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">39<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">39. 39 <em>See<\/em> Reva Siegel, <em>Why Equal Protection No Longer Protects: The Evolving<br \/>Forms of Status-Enforcing State Action<\/em>, 49 STAN. L. REV. 1111, 1113 (1997).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_39').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_39', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> In this case, uncompensated prison labor, including that of the dangerous work of female firefighters, inures economic benefits to the state and the companies capable of extracting it. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_40');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_40');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_40\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">40<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">40. 40 Lowe, supra note 1; Yahr, supra note 29; Angela F. Chan, America Never Abolished Slavery, HUFFINGTON POST (May 2, 2015),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_40');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_40').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_40', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> This Article argues that this preservation of the practice of slavery through its transformation into prison labor means that socially, legislatively, and judicially, we have come only to reject one form of discrimination\u2014antebellum slavery\u2014while distinguishing it from the marginally remunerated and totally unremunerated prison labor that courts legitimate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Second, this Article argues that the promises of the Thirteenth Amendment may actually fill in gaps of the Fourteenth Amendment. For example, the Fourteenth Amendment has been interpreted only to prohibit purposeful\/intentional consequences of the purposeful\/intentional production of disparate burdens. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_41');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_41');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_41\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">41<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">41. 41  Siegel, <em>supra<\/em> note 39, at 1113, 1125; Lea S. VanderVelde, <em>Labor Vision of the Thirteenth Amendment<\/em>, 138 U. PA. L. REV. 437, 437\u201341, 448 (1989).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_41').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_41', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Yet, the Thirteenth Amendment is different textually and historically.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This Article demonstrates that not only is the prison slave system vibrant, it produces profits and wealth for those who exploit prison labor. <sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_42');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_318_1('footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_42');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_42\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">42<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">42. 42 SVEN BECKERT &amp; SETH ROCKMAN, SLAVERY\u2019S CAPITALISM: A NEW HISTORY OF AMERICAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (2016).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_42').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_318_1_42', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Part I establishes the framework of this Article. Part II examines the preservation of slavery through the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment and the Punishment Clause. Part III examines the scale of modern incarceration and forced labor. It argues that just like traditional forms of slavery, the modern system functions according to certain fundamental principles, such as the laws of supply and demand, creating perverse incentives in criminal justice. Part IV turns to the question of reform and offers recommendations to eradicate modern vestiges of slavery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>To read the entire Article, click here: <a href=\"https:\/\/live-cornell-law-review.pantheonsite.io\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Goodwin-final-2.pdf\">The Thirteenth Amendment: Modern Slavery, Capitalism, and Mass Incarceration<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_318_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_318_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_318_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_318_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">1 Jaime Lowe, <em>The Incarcerated Women Who Fight California&#8217;s Wildfires<\/em>, N.Y. Times, (Aug. 31, 2017), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/08\/31\/magazine\/theincarcerated-women-who-fight-californias-wildfires.html?mcubz=1&amp;_r=0<\/span> [<a href=\"http:\/\/perma.cc\/BE86-FDUA\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/perma.cc\/BE86-FDUA<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">2 <em>Id.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">3 <em>Id.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">4 <em>Id.<\/em> <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">5 <em>Id.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">6 <em>Id.<\/em> <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">7 <em>Id.<\/em> <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">8 <em>Id.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">9 <em>Id.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">10 <em>See<\/em> Janice D. Yoder &amp; Patricia Aniakudo, <em>When Pranks Become Harassment: The Case of African American Women Firefighters<\/em>, 35 SEX ROLES 253, 266 (1996); Janice D. Yoder &amp; Patricia Aniakudo,<em> \u201cOutsider Within\u201d the Firehouse: Subordination and Difference in the Social Interactions of African American Women Firefighters<\/em>, 11 GENDER &amp; SOC\u2019Y 324, 327 (1997) (citing a 1990 survey of 356 career women firefighters that found \u201cfully 16 percent [of the women surveyed] reported that they gained entry to the fire service as the result of a successful equal employment opportunity complaint\u201d); Petula Dvorak, <em>Female Firefighters Still Get Harassed By Misogynistic Co-Workers. Why Is That Okay?<\/em>, WASH. POST (May 5, 2016), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/local\/female-firefighters-stillget-harassed-by-women-hating-co-workers-why-is-that-okay\/2016\/05\/05\/<\/span> d15873a2-12ca-11e6-93ae-50921721165d_story.html?utm_term=.7062f29f1050 [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/G5QG-FVJX\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/G5QG-FVJX<\/span><\/a>] (describing how \u201cFairfax County firefighter Nicole Mittendorff hanged herself in Virginia\u2019s Shenandoah mountains and her department launched an investigation into a series of lurid, degrading posts allegedly written by her co-workers in an online forum\u201d) <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">11 Justin Jouvenal, Female Firefighter\u2019s Suicide Is a \u2018Fire Bell in the Night,\u2019 WASH. POST (Aug. 22, 2016), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/local\/publicsafety\/female-reghters-suicide-is-a-re-bell-in-the-night\/2016\/08\/22\/11c73a16-<\/span><br \/>3956-11e6-a254-2b336e293a3c_story.html?utm_term=.3391adaab18b [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/4WWX-XUCT\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/4WWX-XUCT<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">12 <em>SF Firefighters Accused of Peeing in Bed of Female Firefighter in \u2018Egregious Harassment\u2019 Case<\/em>, CBS SF BAY AREA (Sept. 21, 2016, 12:03 PM), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com\/2016\/09\/21\/sf-firefighters-accused-of-peeing-in-bed-of-female-firefighter-in-egregious-harassment-case\/<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/B27C-MVLS\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/B27C-MVLS<\/span><\/a>] (reporting that \u201c[a] female firefighter reportedly suffered six months of verbal taunting and at least one of her co-workers even urinated in her bed, according to a city human resources investigation\u201d); Michael Bodley, <em>New Details Emerge in Alleged Harassment of Female SF Firefighter<\/em>, SFGATE (Sept. 22, 2016, 6:49  PM), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/bayarea\/article\/New-details-emerge-in-alleged-harassment-of-9240490.php<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/X577-AWZH\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/X577-AWZH<\/span><\/a>] (\u201cInvestigators found credible claims that the harassment included urination in the female firefighter\u2019s bed and feces left on the floor of the women\u2019s bathroom at the station, among other incidents Hayes-White deemed \u2018egregious.\u2019 After the woman reported it, her co-workers retaliated by branding her a \u2018rat,\u2019 the report says.\u201d). <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">13 John C. Griffith et al., <em>Bullying at the Fire Station? Perceptions Based on Gender, Race and Sexual Orientation<\/em>, 5 AM. INT\u2019L J. SOC. SCI. 34 (2016) (finding that \u201c[w]ith regard to sexual harassment, 31.9% of female firefighters indicated they had been verbally harassed and 18.6% were victims of sexual harassment\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">14 Michelle Roberts, <em>Two Women Firefighters Sue San Jose for Gender Discrimination<\/em>, NBC BAY AREA (June 1, 2017, 6:09 PM), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.nbcbayarea.com\/news\/local\/Two-Women-Firefighters-Sue-San-Jose-for-Gender-Discrimination425803943.html<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/Z9VJ-DKRD\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/Z9VJ-DKRD<\/span><\/a>] (reporting on litigation that claimed discrimination in the case of Battalion Chief Patricia Tapia who had \u201capplied for 10 promotions in the last five years and been denied each time\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">15 The Prison Policy Initiative (\u201cPPI\u201d) provides a comprehensive study of the payments that prisoners earn. Its work is vital for research such as this Article. <em>See<\/em> <em>State and Federal Prison Wage Policies and Sourcing Information<\/em>, PRISON POLICY INITIATIVE (Apr. 10, 2017) [hereinafter Prison Policy Initiative, State and Federal<br \/>Prison Wage Policies], <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/reports\/wage_policies.html<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/Q9AE-6EQT\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/Q9AE-6EQT<\/span><\/a>]. A separate study was conducted for this Article, updating PPI\u2019s results, canvassing each state, examining non-industry jobs, as well as jobs in state-owned businesses and comparing that data to states\u2019 minimum wage laws. That data is provided in the appendix. <em>See <\/em>Michele Goodwin, <em>Prison Policy Initiative Wage Study Update<\/em> (Sept. 18, 2018) (updating Prison Policy Initiative, State and Federal Prison Wage Policies).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">16 <em>Lower<\/em>, <em>supra<\/em> note 1.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">17<em> Id.<\/em>; see also BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, HOW TO BECOME A FIREFIGHTER, OCCUPATIONAL OUTLOOK HANDBOOK (Apr. 24, 2018), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/ooh\/protective-service\/firefighters.htm#tab-4<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/V46E-BYEV\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/V46E-BYEV<\/span><\/a>] (\u201cThose<br \/>wishing to become wildland firefighters may attend apprenticeship programs that last up to 4 years. These programs combine instruction with on-the-job-training under the supervision of experienced firefighters. In addition to participating in training programs conducted by local or state fire departments and agencies, some firefighters attend federal training sessions sponsored by the National Fire Academy. These training sessions cover topics including anti-arson techniques, disaster preparedness, hazardous materials control, and public fire safety and education.\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_18');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_18\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">18 <em>Lowe<\/em>, <em>supra<\/em> note 1.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_19');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_19\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">19 <em>See <\/em>Michele Goodwin, <em>Prison Policy Initiative Wage Study Update<\/em>, <em>supra<\/em> note 15; Prison Policy Initiative, State and Federal Prison Wage Policies, <em>supr<\/em>a note 15 (consolidating and reporting the pay scales and wage policies that apply to incarcerated individuals working in state and federal prisons).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_20');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_20\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">20 <em>Id.<\/em>; <em>see also Not Just License Plates: 54 Products Alabama Prisoners Get 25 to 75 Cents an Hour to Make<\/em>, AL.COM (Apr. 2, 2017, 7:37 AM), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.al.com\/news\/index.ssf\/2017\/04\/not_just_license_plates_produc.html<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/3EWY-E9GA\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/3EWY-E9GA<\/span><\/a>] (displaying photos of and discussing the \u201cvaried\u201d products made by prisoners who participate in the Alabama Correctional Industries prison work program).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_21');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_21\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">21 <em>See<\/em> Michele Goodwin, <em>Prison Policy Initiative Wage Study Update<\/em>, <em>supra<\/em> note 15; Prison Policy Initiative, State and Federal Prison Wage Policies, <em>supra<\/em> note 15 (reporting that prisoners working in state-owned businesses, \u201cCorrectional Industries,\u201d in Arkansas, Florida, and Georgia earn $0.00, $0.25 to $2.00, and $0.00 per hour, respectively, and earn $0.00 per hour, $0.00 to $50.00 per month, and $0.00 per hour, respectively, while working in non-industry jobs); ARK. DEP\u2019T OF CORRECTION, ADC 2016 ANNUAL REPORT 26 (2016), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/adc.arkansas.gov\/images\/uploads\/2016_Annual_Report_Directors_Edits_+_BOC_Approval_2_2_2017x1Final.pdf<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/C72U-ZT5Q\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/C72U-ZT5Q<\/span><\/a>] (noting that inmates in Arkansas are not paid wages for performing compulsory work assignments); Adam Crisp, <em>Georgia Inmates Strike in Fight for Pay<\/em>, TIMES FREE<br \/>PRESS (Dec. 14, 2010), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.timesfreepress.com\/news\/news\/story\/2010\/dec\/14\/georgia-inmates-strike-in-fight-for-pay\/36956\/<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/9UCW-8JYC\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/9UCW-8JYC<\/span><\/a>]; Arlinda Smith Broady, <em>Photo Vault: State Inmates Demanded Pay for Work 35 Years Ago<\/em>, ATLANTA J. CONST. (Sept. 9, 2015), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.ajc.com\/news\/local\/photo-vault-state-inmates-demanded-pay-for-workyears-ago\/9JVSStFBmeGWzJF5ktjHKP\/<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/JD7H-X2H8\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/JD7H-X2H8<\/span><\/a>] (discussing a prison strike in 1980, but noting that as of 2015 inmates still were not paid for their work).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_22');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_22\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">22 <em>See<\/em> Michele Goodwin, <em>Prison Policy Initiative Wage Study Update<\/em>, <em>supra<\/em><br \/>note 15 (reporting that prisoners working in state-owned businesses, \u201cCorrectional Industries,\u201d in Arizona and Louisiana earn $0.20 to $0.80 and up to $0.40 per hour, respectively, and earn $0.15 to $0.50 and $0.04 to $1.00 per hour, respectively, while working in non-industry jobs).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_23');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_23\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">23 Ginger Adams Otis, <em>Molly Williams, a Black Woman and a Slave, Fought Fires Years Before the FDNY Was Formed Was a Pioneer for Fellow Female SmokeEaters<\/em>, N.Y. DAILY NEWS (Apr. 26, 2015, 12:01 AM), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.nydailynews.com\/new-york\/woman-slave-molly-williams-fought-fires-early-1800s-article1.2197868<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/M28M-R9AF\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/M28M-R9AF<\/span><\/a>] (\u201cMolly Williams fought fires in the<br \/>city even before the FDNY was organized 150 years ago.\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_24');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_24\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">24 <em>Id.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_25');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_25\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">25 <em>Id. <\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_26');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_26\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">26 2 JOSEPH ALFRED SCOVILLE, THE OLD MERCHANTS OF NEW YORK CITY 72\u201379 (1866).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_27');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_27\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">27 <em>Lowe<\/em>, <em>supra <\/em>note 1.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_28');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_28\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">28 <em>Id.<\/em>; <em>see also<\/em> German Lopez, <em>California Is Using Prison Labor to Fight Its Record Wildfires<\/em>, VOX (Aug. 9, 2018, 12:20PM), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.vox.com\/2018\/8\/9\/17670494\/california-prison-labor-mendocino-carr-ferguson-wildfires<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/W43A-HSWZ\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/W43A-HSWZ<\/span><\/a>] (\u201cThe California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) recently boasted about the use of prison labor for firefighting on Twitter: \u2018Today, more than 2,000 volunteer inmate firefighters, including 58 youth offenders, are battling wildfire flames throughout CA.\u2019\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_29');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_29\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">29 Emily Yahr, Y<em>es, Prisoners Used to Sew Lingerie for Victoria\u2019s Secret \u2013 Just<br \/>Like in \u2018Orange is the New Black\u2019 Season 3<\/em>, WASH. POST (June 17, 2015), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/arts-and-entertainment\/wp\/2015\/06\/17\/yesprisoners-used-to-sew-lingerie-for-victorias-secret-just-like-in-orange-is-thenew-black-season-3\/?utm_term=.8b0e0e322858<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/LA92-VTEP\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/LA92-VTEP<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_30');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_30\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">30 <em>Id. <\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_31');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_31\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>31<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">31 <em>See<\/em> Annika Neklason, <em>California Is Running Out of Inmates to Fight Its Fires<\/em> (Dec. 7, 2017), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/politics\/archive\/2017\/12\/howmuch-longer-will-inmates-fight-californias-wildfires\/547628\/<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/4WLV-6YLV\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/4WLV-6YLV<\/span><\/a>] (\u201cTo join the squad, inmates must meet high physical standards and complete a demanding course of training. They also have to volunteer.\u201d). <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_32');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_32\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>32<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">32 U.S. CONST. amend. XIII; see, e.g., Michele Gillespie, The Sexual Politics of Race and Gender Mary Musgrove and the Georgia Trustees, in THE DEVIL\u2019S LANE: SEX AND RACE IN THE EARLY SOUTH 187 (Catherine Clinton &amp; Michele Gillespie eds., 1997) (expanding the literature on slavery to include the experiences and perspective of Black women, particularly in relation to sexual abuse, assaults, and rapes on plantations); WILLIAM H. HARRIS, THE HARDER WE RUN: BLACK WORKERS SINCE THE CIVIL WAR (1982) (connecting slavery and Jim Crow, explaining how the dire conditions under slavery were exacerbated under the arch of Jim Crow); ROBERT WILLIAM<br \/>FOGEL &amp; STANLEY L. ENGERMAN, TIME ON THE CROSS: THE ECONOMICS OF AMERICAN NEGRO SLAVERY (1974) (providing a groundbreaking account of the economics of slavery); JOHN W. BLASSINGAME, THE SLAVE COMMUNITY: PLANTATION LIFE IN THE ANTEBELLUM SOUTH (1972) (exposing the inordinate and unyielding hardships enslaved Blacks encountered in the Antebellum south); RICHARD C. WADE, SLAVERY IN THE<br \/>CITIES: THE SOUTH, 1820\u20131860 (1964) (detailing accounts of slave life in the southern cities, diversifying the literature on slavery, expanding beyond research of enslaved Blacks\u2019 lives on plantations).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_33');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_33\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>33<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">33 Reentry and \u201cban the box\u201d programs focus on preventing recidivism, by assisting formerly incarcerated women and men as they reenter society after their<br \/>incarceration. Reentry refers to reentering society, finding and obtaining housing, employment, educational opportunities and other resources. Banning the box refers to a movement to end questions on employment, housing, and university applications (among others) that inquire about prior convictions, as these inquiries may trigger biases against qualified individuals who are formerly incarcerated. <em>See<\/em> TRONE PRIVATE SECTOR &amp; AM. CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION, BACK TO BUSINESS: HOW HIRING FORMERLY INCARCERATED JOB SEEKERS BENEFITS YOUR COMPANY 12 (2017),<br \/><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/sites\/default\/files\/field_document\/060917-trone-reportweb_0.pdf<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/H5DZ-TELB\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/H5DZ-TELB<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_34');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_34\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>34<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">34 <em>See<\/em> PAUL BUTLER, CHOKEHOLD: POLICING BLACK MEN 12 (2017) (\u201cThe Chokehold is something like an employment stimulus plan for working-class white people, who don\u2019t have to compete for jobs with all the black men who are locked up, or who are underground because they have outstanding arrest warrants, or who have criminal records that make obtaining legal employment exceedingly difficult.\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_35');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_35\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>35<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">35 <em>See, e.g.<\/em> , Tamar R. Birckhead, <em>The New Peonage<\/em>, 72 WASH. &amp; LEE L. REV. 1595, 1630 (2015) (examining what the author terms the \u201cnew peonage,\u201d arguing that the reconfiguration of the state judicial systems in the American South, following the Civil War, trapped African Americans into cyclical coerced labor<br \/>systems that now emerge in the myriad ways that Blacks are \u201ctaxed\u201d in the criminal justice system through various court fines and fees).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_36');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_36\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>36<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">36 <em>See generally<\/em> DOUGLAS BLACKMON, SLAVERY BY ANOTHER NAME: THE RE-ENSLAVEMENT OF BLACK AMERICANS FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO WORLD WAR II (2008) (discussing the growth and use of the convict lease system from the American Civil War to World War II).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_37');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_37\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>37<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">37 Mark A. Graber, <em>Rethinking Equal Protection in Dark Times<\/em>, 4 U. PA. J. CONST. L. 314, 314\u201315, 317 (2002); Richard M. Re, The New Supreme Court and the Jurisprudence In Exile, PRAWFSBLOG (Feb. 17, 2016), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/prawfsblawg.blogs.com\/prawfsblawg\/2016\/02\/the-new-supreme-court-and-the-jurisprudence-inexile.html<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/Q4QZ-A3MY\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/Q4QZ-A3MY<\/span><\/a>] (\u201cDuring the past 20 or so years, the<br \/>Supreme Court\u2019s more liberal justices have created a kind of jurisprudence in exile.\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_38');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_38\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>38<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">38 Stephen E. Sachs, <em>The \u201cConstitution in Exile\u201d as a Problem for Legal Theory<\/em>, 89 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 2253, 2255 (2014) (footnote omitted) (challenging the notion of a constitution in exile, but acknowledging that \u201cthe \u2018exile\u2019 pejorative can\u2019t be dismissed so easily; it stands for a serious criticism that deserves response . . . . [A] constitution in exile might be the \u2018real\u2019 or \u2018true\u2019 law, obscured by<br \/>usurping courts and officials; or it might be just a plan for law reform, an attempt to revise the law under the cover of restoring it. If a constitutional theory asks us to substantially change our practice\u2014if it makes important legal questions turn on the esoteric views of academics, historians, or political philosophers\u2014can it really be an accurate statement of our law?\u201d) <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_39');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_39\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>39<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">39 <em>See<\/em> Reva Siegel, <em>Why Equal Protection No Longer Protects: The Evolving<br \/>Forms of Status-Enforcing State Action<\/em>, 49 STAN. L. REV. 1111, 1113 (1997).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_40');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_40\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>40<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">40 Lowe, <em>supra<\/em> note 1; Yahr, <em>supra<\/em> note 29; Angela F. Chan, <em>America Never Abolished Slavery<\/em>, HUFFINGTON POST (May 2, 2015), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/angela-f-chan\/america-never-abolished-slavery_b_6777420.html<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/HD9K-VZBF\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/HD9K-VZBF<\/span><\/a>] (\u201c[P]eople incarcerated in America . . . are forced to work for pennies an hour with the profits going to countries, states and private corporations, including Target, Revlon and Whole Foods.\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_41');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_41\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>41<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">41  Siegel, <em>supra<\/em> note 39, at 1113, 1125; Lea S. VanderVelde, <em>Labor Vision of the Thirteenth Amendment<\/em>, 138 U. PA. L. REV. 437, 437\u201341, 448 (1989).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_318_1_42');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_318_1_42\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>42<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">42 SVEN BECKERT &amp; SETH ROCKMAN, SLAVERY\u2019S CAPITALISM: A NEW HISTORY OF AMERICAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (2016).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_318_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_318_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_318_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_318_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_318_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_318_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_318_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_318_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_318_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_318_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_318_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_318_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_318_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_318_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 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