{"id":333,"date":"2019-05-15T16:43:44","date_gmt":"2019-05-15T16:43:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/live-cornell-law-review.pantheonsite.io\/?p=333"},"modified":"2019-05-15T16:43:44","modified_gmt":"2019-05-15T16:43:44","slug":"rethinking-just-compensation-dignity-restoration-as-a-basis-for-supplementing-existing-takings-remedies-with-government-supported-community-building-initiatives","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/2019\/05\/15\/rethinking-just-compensation-dignity-restoration-as-a-basis-for-supplementing-existing-takings-remedies-with-government-supported-community-building-initiatives\/","title":{"rendered":"Rethinking &#8220;Just&#8221; Compensation: Dignity Restoration as a Basis for Supplementing Existing Takings Remedies with Government-Supported Community Building Initiatives"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote has-text-align-left is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cWe have to give a damn. We have to give a damn about people staying in their home. We have to give a damn about poor and working-class folks, and about seniors who want to spend their sunset years in the homes that they know and love. We have to&nbsp;<em>care<\/em>, and our policies will follow our compassion.\u201d<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">1. Cliff Albright, Gentrification Is Sweeping Through America. Here Are the People Fighting Back, GUARDIAN (Nov. 10, 2017, 5:00 AM) (quoting Tanya Washington),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_1');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_333_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p><cite>Professor Tanya Washington, Georgia State University College of Law<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Soon after the Constitution was ratified, the Bill of Rights enshrined certain fundamental protections for individuals. The Fifth Amendment is among those crucial safeguards. Through its Takings Clause, the Fifth Amendment guarantees, \u201c[N]or shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.\u201d<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">2. &nbsp;U.S. CONST. amend. V, cl. 4<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_333_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even though the Takings Clause may appear straightforward, the extent to which it restricts government action has&nbsp;been controversial.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">3. <em>See <\/em>Alberto B. Lopez, <em>Weighing and Reweighing Eminent Domain\u2019s Political&nbsp;Philosophies Post-<\/em>Kelo, 41 WAKE FOREST L. REV. 237, 239\u201341 (2006).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_333_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><sup> <\/sup>Especially following the Supreme Court\u2019s decision in <em>Kelo v. City of New London<\/em>,<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">4. 545 U.S. 469 (2005) <\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_333_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> lawmakers and scholars alike have hotly debated the scope of the public use requirement.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">5. <em>See <\/em>Lopez, <em>supra <\/em>note 3, at 241, n.23.<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_333_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><sup> <\/sup>Today, legislatures regularly invoke some version of \u201cpublic use\u201d when exercising the eminent domain power, seizing private land to build projects ranging from public parks<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">6. See Man Fights to Retain His Property Although City Claims Eminent Domain, CBS 46 (Aug. 7, 2018),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_6');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_333_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> and hospitals<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">7. See Payne Horning, Eminent Domain Court Battle Looms over Utica Hospital Project, WRVO PUB. MEDIA (July 19, 2018),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_7');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_333_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> to privately owned sports arenas<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">8. <em>See <\/em>Charles V. Bagli, <em>Ruling Lets Atlantic Yards Seize Land<\/em>, N.Y. TIMES (Nov. 24, 2009), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/11\/25\/nyregion\/25yards.html<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/YVG5-W4J7\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/YVG5-W4J7<\/span><\/a>].<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_333_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> and manufacturing plants.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">9. See Rikki Mitchell, Mount Pleasant May Take Remaining Properties in Fox-conn Area Through Eminent Domain, TMJ4 (May 9, 2018, 10:14 PM), https:\/\/www&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_9');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_333_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In stark contrast, the Takings Clause\u2019s just compensation requirement has been ignored almost as much as the public use requirement has been scrutinized.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">10<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">10. <em>See <\/em>Lopez, <em>supra <\/em>note 3, at 239.<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_333_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Indeed, the Supreme Court has largely abided by a singular notion of just compensation for more than a century: \u201cjust compensation is commonly considered the fair market value of the property at the time of the taking.\u201d<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">11<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">11. Elisabeth Sperow, The Kelo Legacy: Political Accountability, Not Legislation, Is the Cure, 38 MCGEORGE L. REV. 405, 408 (2007) (first citing United States v. Miller, 317 U.S. 369, 374 (1945); then&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_11');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_333_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> As a result, judges have rarely deviated from the fair market value standard.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">12<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">12. The Court has occasionally deviated from this standard when addressing injuries caused by the taking of intangible property. See Shubha Ghosh, Toward a Theory of Regulatory Takings for Intellectual&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_12');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_333_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> But while just compensation doctrine has remained stagnant at the judicial level, scholars&nbsp;have long questioned the wisdom of fair market value as a meaningful tool of justice.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">13<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">13. See James W. Ely, Jr., The Historical Context of Just Compensation, PRAC. REAL EST. LAW., May 2014, at 9, 14\u201315 (first citing W. Harold Bigham, \u201cFair Market Value,\u201d \u201cJust Compensation,\u201d and&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_13');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_333_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This Note joins those criticisms. However, while existing scholarship has merely proposed alternative measures of financial compensation,<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">14<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">14. See Nicole Stelle Garnett, The Neglected Political Economy of Eminent Domain, 105 MICH. L. REV. 101, 148 (2006) (discussing existing scholarship and noting that \u201ceven accurate valuation methods may&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_14');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_333_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> this Note contends that justice is fully served only when the government embraces nonmonetary means of compensation as a way to supplement existing monetary remedies.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">15<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">15. The Takings Clause applies to the federal government and state governments. See Chi., B. &amp; Q. R. Co. v. City of Chicago, 166 U.S. 226, 239\u201341 (1897). Notably, the Takings Clause was the first&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_333_1('footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_15');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_333_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Money damages are a logical fix for economic injuries, but money only goes so far. Where displaced individuals are also subjected to dignitary harms, the government only fulfills its obligation to provide just compensation through the process of dignity restoration.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To illustrate the need for a broader understanding of just compensation, this Note turns to America\u2019s long history of blight condemnations and urban renewal. Part I provides an overview of relevant Takings Clause jurisprudence and contextualizes our understanding of just compensation in relation to the ever-evolving public use doctrine. It then examines existing criticisms of the fair market value standard, before situating dignity as a value inherent within those criticisms and as a constitutional value already recognized by the courts. Building on that background, Part II applies Professor Bernadette&nbsp;Atuahene\u2019s \u201cdignity takings\u201d thesis to urban renewal and urban displacement, exposing the dire need to broaden the meaning of just compensation. It then argues that government actors are constitutionally obligated to support neighborhood-based initiatives aimed at restoring dignity to the communities traditionally uprooted by urban redevelopment and proposes several ways that the government can fulfill this obligation.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>To read more, click here: <a href=\"https:\/\/live-cornell-law-review.pantheonsite.io\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Hasbrouck-note-final-2.pdf\">Rethinking &#8220;Just&#8221; Compensation: Dignity Restoration as a Basis for Supplementing Existing Takings Remedies with Government-Supported Community Building Initiatives<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_333_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_333_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_333_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_333_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_333_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cliff Albright, <em>Gentrification Is Sweeping Through America. Here Are the People Fighting Back<\/em>, GUARDIAN (Nov. 10, 2017, 5:00 AM) (quoting Tanya Washington), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2017\/nov\/10\/atlanta-super-gen<\/span> trification-eminent-domain [<a href=\"http:\/\/perma.cc\/EJ2C-YKFN\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/perma.cc\/EJ2C-YKFN<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_333_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">&nbsp;U.S. CONST. amend. V, cl. 4<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_333_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See <\/em>Alberto B. Lopez, <em>Weighing and Reweighing Eminent Domain\u2019s Political&nbsp;Philosophies Post-<\/em>Kelo, 41 WAKE FOREST L. REV. 237, 239\u201341 (2006).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_333_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">545 U.S. 469 (2005) <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_333_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See <\/em>Lopez, <em>supra <\/em>note 3, at 241, n.23.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_333_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See Man Fights to Retain His Property Although City Claims Eminent Domain<\/em>, CBS 46 (Aug. 7, 2018), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.cbs46.com\/story\/38826565\/manfights-to-retain-his-property-although-city-claims-eminent-domain<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/per ma.cc\/32SQ-5YX3\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/32SQ-5YX3<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_333_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See <\/em>Payne Horning, <em>Eminent Domain Court Battle Looms over Utica Hospital Project<\/em>, WRVO PUB. MEDIA (July 19, 2018), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.wrvo.org\/post\/eminentdomain-court-battle-looms-over-utica-hospital-project<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/5RKQ6FDT\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/5RKQ6FDT<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_333_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See <\/em>Charles V. Bagli, <em>Ruling Lets Atlantic Yards Seize Land<\/em>, N.Y. TIMES (Nov. 24, 2009), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/11\/25\/nyregion\/25yards.html<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/YVG5-W4J7\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/YVG5-W4J7<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_333_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See <\/em>Rikki Mitchell, <em>Mount Pleasant May Take Remaining Properties in Fox-conn Area Through Eminent Domain<\/em>, TMJ4 (May 9, 2018, 10:14 PM), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www<\/span> .tmj4.com\/news\/local-news\/mount-pleasant-may-take-remaining-properties-infoxconn-area-through-eminent-domain [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/3RPG-ZM2G\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/3RPG-ZM2G<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_333_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See <\/em>Lopez, <em>supra <\/em>note 3, at 239.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_333_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Elisabeth Sperow, <em>The <\/em>Kelo <em>Legacy: Political Accountability, Not Legislation, Is the Cure<\/em>, 38 MCGEORGE L. REV. 405, 408 (2007) (first citing United States v. Miller, 317 U.S. 369, 374 (1945); then citing Olson v. United States, 292 U.S. 246 (1934) ).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_333_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Court has occasionally deviated from this standard when addressing injuries caused by the taking of intangible property. <em>See <\/em>Shubha Ghosh, <em>Toward a Theory of Regulatory Takings for Intellectual Property: The Path Left Open After <\/em>College Savings v. Florida Prepaid, 37 SAN DIEGO L. REV. 637, 670\u201371 (2000) (\u201cIntangible property, as well as real property, is special for the purposes of the Takings Clause. . . . The right to earn interest on principal is an intangible property interest. The Court has found it to be a special interest worthy of protection under the Takings Clause.\u201d). However, the fair market value standard for the taking of real property has remained inflexible. <em>See infra <\/em>subpart I.A.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_333_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See <\/em>James W. Ely, Jr., <em>The Historical Context of Just Compensation<\/em>, PRAC. REAL EST. LAW., May 2014, at 9, 14\u201315 (first citing W. Harold Bigham, <em>\u201cFair Market Value,\u201d \u201cJust Compensation,\u201d and the Constitution: A Critical View<\/em>, 24 VAND. L. REV. 63, 67 (1970) (\u201cTo the extent that the existing use of the fair market value test prohibits compensation for consequential damages, however, the landowners [sic] compensation is inadequate, and he is in fact paying more than his fair share.\u201d); then citing RICHARD A. EPSTEIN, TAKINGS: PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE POWER OF EMINENT DOMAIN 51\u201356, 182\u2013186 (1985) (\u201cThe central difficulty of the market value formula for explicit compensation, therefore, is that it denies any compensation for real but subjective values.\u201d); and then citing United States v. Norwood, 602 F.3d 830, 834 (7th Cir. 2010) (acknowledging that \u201c\u2018just compensation\u2019 tends systematically to undercompensate the owners of property taken by eminent domain\u201d and describing the Supreme Court\u2019s approval of this shortfall as \u201ca conclusion rather than a reason\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_333_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>See <\/em>Nicole Stelle Garnett, <em>The Neglected Political Economy of Eminent Domain<\/em>, 105 MICH. L. REV. 101, 148 (2006) (discussing existing scholarship and noting that \u201ceven accurate valuation methods may fail to make owners whole\u201d).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_333_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_333_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_333_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Takings Clause applies to the federal government and state governments. <em>See <\/em>Chi., B. &amp; Q. R. Co. v. City of Chicago, 166 U.S. 226, 239\u201341 (1897). Notably, the Takings Clause was the first provision from the Bill of Rights to be incorporated, through the Fourteenth Amendment\u2019s Due Process Clause, as applicable to the states. <em>See <\/em>Mark Edward DeForrest, <em>An Overview and Evaluation of State Blaine Amendments: Origins, Scope, and First Amendment Concerns<\/em>, 26 HARV. J.L. &amp; PUB. POL\u2019Y 551, 604 (2003). To the extent that <em>Chicago <\/em>interprets the Takings Clause beyond the meaning that was intended at the time of ratification, the Supreme Court has long recognized that the meaning of the Takings Clause, including the just compensation requirement, continuously evolves.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_333_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_333_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_333_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_333_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_333_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_333_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_333_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_333_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_333_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_333_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_333_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_333_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_333_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_333_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cWe have to give a damn. We have to give a damn about people staying in their home. We have to give a damn about poor and working-class folks, and about seniors who want to spend their sunset years in the homes that they know and love. We have to&nbsp;care, and our policies will follow&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,82,46,49],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-333","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archives","category-issue-4","category-notes","category-print-volume-104"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/333","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=333"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/333\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=333"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=333"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=333"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}