{"id":445,"date":"2018-07-15T17:08:00","date_gmt":"2018-07-15T17:08:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/live-cornell-law-review.pantheonsite.io\/?p=445"},"modified":"2018-07-15T17:08:00","modified_gmt":"2018-07-15T17:08:00","slug":"mob-legislating-jastas-addition-to-the-terrorism-exception-to-foreign-sovereign-immunity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/2018\/07\/15\/mob-legislating-jastas-addition-to-the-terrorism-exception-to-foreign-sovereign-immunity\/","title":{"rendered":"&#8220;Mob-Legislating&#8221;: JASTA&#8217;s Addition to the Terrorism Exception to Foreign Sovereign Immunity"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>On September 28, 2016, a politically divided United States Senate overrode President Barack Obama\u2019s veto for the first and only time in a particularly decisive vote: 97\u20131.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">1<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">1. Mohammed Cherkaoui,&nbsp;The U.S. JASTA: An Asset or a Liability for America Abroad?, AL&nbsp;JAZEERA&nbsp;(Dec. 28, 2016, 13:38 Mecca),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_1');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_445_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> &nbsp;The joint effort was the culmination of a ten-year effort to pass the Jus- tice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA).<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">2<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">2. Cherkaoui,&nbsp;<em>supra&nbsp;<\/em>note 1.<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_445_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> &nbsp;JASTA created a new terrorism exception to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act by allowing United States citizens to bring suit against foreign states that have aided and abetted acts of terrorism.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">3<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">3. Ingrid Wuerth, Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act: Initial Analysis, LAWFARE: FOREIGN SOVEREIGN IMMUNITIES ACT (Sept. 29, 2016, 2:19 PM), https:\/\/&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_3');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_445_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Despite President Obama\u2019s strong condemnation of the legislation in his veto address,<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">4<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">4. Presidential Message to the Senate Returning Without Approval the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act, 2016 DAILY COMP. PRES. DOC. 628 (Sept. 23, 2016). President Obama\u2019s spokesperson Josh&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_4');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_445_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;Republican Senator John Cornyn praised JASTA as a \u201cstrong bill with a narrow focus\u201d that fixed a loophole in the United States\u2019 approach to foreign sovereign immunity.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">5<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">5. Cherkaoui, <em>supra <\/em>note 1.<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_445_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;From across the aisle, Democratic Senator Chuck Schumer also expressed his optimism about the bill by emphasizing that the Legislature\u2019s focus in passing JASTA was families and justice rather than diplomatic considerations.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">6<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">6. <em>Id.<\/em><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_445_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reactions across the globe were neither as positive nor as hopeful. The Dutch Parliament condemned the new legislation as a \u201c\u2018gross unwarranted breach of Dutch sovereignty,\u2019 which could result in \u2018astronomical damages.\u2019\u201d<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">7<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">7. Id. (quoting Elura Nanos, Bill Allowing Terror Victims to Sue Saudi Arabia Creates Serious Potentional Problems, LAW &amp; CRIME (Sep. 21, 2016, 10:59 AM),&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_7');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_445_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>&nbsp;French Member of Parliament Pierre Lellouche cautioned that JASTA would \u201ccause a legal revolution in international law with major political consequences.\u201d<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">8<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">8. <em>Id. <\/em>(quoting Nanos, <em>supra <\/em>note 7).<\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_445_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> Unsurprisingly, the Saudi Arabian government, which was the main target of the updated legislation, also responded negatively. The Saudi Arabian government threatened to sell all of their holdings in U.S. government as- sets, which was estimated at the time to be $750 billion.<sup class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">9<\/sup><\/a><cite class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><span class=\"footnote-inner\">9. Mark Mazzetti, Saudi Arabia Warns of Economic Fallout if Congress Passes 9\/11 Bill, N.Y. TIMES (Apr. 15, 2016), https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/04\/16\/&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_445_1('footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_9');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/cite><\/sup><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_445_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This Note explores the issues with the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act that JASTA attempts to address, the likelihood of JASTA\u2019s success, and whether or not JASTA is a desirable solution. Though the relatively recent nature of this addition renders the long-term impact difficult to assess, an examina- tion of foreign sovereign immunity doctrine\u2019s origins, evolution, and purpose provides sufficient information to make predic- tions about potential problems with JASTA. Part I briefly tracks the history of foreign sovereign immunity in the United States and the transition from an absolutist approach to a restricted approach. Part I also discusses the codification of the restricted approach to foreign sovereign immunity and its potential shortcomings. Part II discusses the original terrorism exception to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976, its origins, early uses, shortcomings, and amendments. Then, Part III explores the political background that gave rise to JASTA and raises concerns about the implications of such sweeping legislation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>To read more, click <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.law.cornell.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=4766&amp;context=clr\">here<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_445_1();\">References<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_445_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_445_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_445_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">References<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_445_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mohammed Cherkaoui,&nbsp;<em>The U.S. JASTA: An Asset or a Liability for America<\/em> <em>Abroad?<\/em>, AL&nbsp;JAZEERA&nbsp;(Dec. 28, 2016, 13:38 Mecca), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/studies.aljazeera.net\/en\/reports\/2016\/12\/jasta-asset-liability-america-161228101858709.html<\/span> [<span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/perma.cc\/SX65-R3J9].<\/span> Senate Minority Whip Harry Reid was the sole dissenter, while Senator Bernie Sanders and Senator Tim Kaine missed the vote to campaign with Hillary Clinton.&nbsp;<em>Id<\/em>. The House vote to override President Obama\u2019s veto was almost as decisive: 348\u201377. Juliet Eilperin &amp; Karoun Demir- jian,&nbsp;<em>Congress Thwarts Obama on Bill Allowing 9\/11 Lawsuits Against Saudi Arabia<\/em>, WASH. POST&nbsp;(Sept. 28, 2016), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/<\/span> congress-thwarts-obama-on-bill-allowing-911-lawsuits-against-saudi-arabia\/ 2016\/09\/28\/a93e31ba-859b-11e6-ac72-a29979381495_story.html?utm_term= .aeb669500efe [<a href=\"http:\/\/perma.cc\/5NAD-X7BB\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/perma.cc\/5NAD-X7BB<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_445_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cherkaoui,&nbsp;<em>supra&nbsp;<\/em>note 1.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_445_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Ingrid Wuerth, <em>Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act: Initial Analysis<\/em>, LAWFARE: FOREIGN SOVEREIGN IMMUNITIES ACT (Sept. 29, 2016, 2:19 PM), https:\/\/ www.lawfareblog.com\/justice-against-sponsors-terrorism-act-initial-analysis [<a href=\"http:\/\/perma.cc\/6NWD-QA6F\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/perma.cc\/6NWD-QA6F<\/span><\/a>] (suggesting that JASTA may simply codify a power courts had sometimes previously exercised under federal common law). <\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_445_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Presidential Message to the Senate Returning Without Approval the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act, 2016 DAILY COMP. PRES. DOC. 628 (Sept. 23, 2016). President Obama\u2019s spokesperson Josh Earnest further criticized the bill by calling it \u201cthe single most embarrassing thing that the United States Senate has done, possibly, since 1983.\u201d Jordan Fabian, <em>White House Lashes out at \u2018Embarrassing\u2019 Senate Veto Override<\/em>, HILL (Sept. 28, 2016, 1:45 PM), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/the<\/span> hill.com\/homenews\/administration\/298290-white-house-lashes-out-at-embarrassing-senate-veto [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/VPB5-3NJP\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/VPB5-3NJP<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_445_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Cherkaoui, <em>supra <\/em>note 1.<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_445_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>Id.<\/em><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_445_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>Id. <\/em>(quoting Elura Nanos, <em>Bill Allowing Terror Victims to Sue Saudi Arabia Creates Serious Potentional Problems<\/em>, LAW &amp; CRIME (Sep. 21, 2016, 10:59 AM), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/lawandcrime.com\/important\/bill-allowing-terror-victims-to-sue-saudiarabia-creates-serious-potential-problems\/<\/span> [<a href=\"https:\/\/perma.cc\/DRY4-A6VV\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/perma.cc\/DRY4-A6VV<\/span><\/a>]).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_445_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><em>Id. <\/em>(quoting Nanos, <em>supra <\/em>note 7).<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_445_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_445_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_445_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Mark Mazzetti, <em>Saudi Arabia Warns of Economic Fallout if Congress Passes 9\/11 Bill<\/em>, N.Y. TIMES (Apr. 15, 2016), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/04\/16\/<\/span> world\/middleeast\/saudi-arabia-warns-ofeconomic-fallout-if-congress-passes-911-bill.html [<span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/perma.cc\/7H6P-6E6W].<\/span> Some estimates of Saudi assets range as low as $117 billion. Daniel Pipes, <em>Cruel Hoax: The Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act<\/em>, NAT\u2019L REV. (June 2, 2016, 6:33 PM), <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/www.national<\/span> review.com\/corner\/436003\/justice-against-sponsors-terrorism-act-cruel-hoax [<a href=\"http:\/\/perma.cc\/7NYD-GAA8\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">http:\/\/perma.cc\/7NYD-GAA8<\/span><\/a>].<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_445_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_445_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_445_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_445_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_445_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_445_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_445_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_445_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_445_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_445_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_445_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_445_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_445_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_445_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On September 28, 2016, a politically divided United States Senate overrode President Barack Obama\u2019s veto for the first and only time in a particularly decisive vote: 97\u20131.11. Mohammed Cherkaoui,&nbsp;The U.S. JASTA: An Asset or a Liability for America Abroad?, AL&nbsp;JAZEERA&nbsp;(Dec. 28, 2016, 13:38 Mecca),&nbsp;&#x2026; Continue reading &nbsp;The joint effort was the culmination of a ten-year&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13,20,43,46],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-445","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-archives","category-print-volume-103","category-issue-5-volume-103","category-notes"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/445","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=445"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/445\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=445"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=445"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/publications.lawschool.cornell.edu\/lawreview\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=445"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}