Category: Archives
Moving Forward from Brackeen and Solutions for the Greater Efficacy of the Indian Child Welfare Act
Jeena Patel
J.D. Candidate, Cornell Law School, 2026; B.A. in Political Science, Boston University, 2021. Firstly, the author thanks the editors and board members of Cornell Law Review. The author would like to thank Professor Robert Odawi Porter for teaching a life-changing course on Indigenous Law. The author would also like to thank Kathryn E. Fort, whose knowledge, insights, and passion for ICWA made this Note possible.
The Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) of 1978, enacted to protect Native American children from being removed from their tribes, was recently upheld in 2023 by the U.S. Supreme Court in Haaland v. Brackeen in the face of considerable challenge. Through analyzing the upholding of ICWA and its ramifications, this Note seeks to examine how…
Jan 2026
The Unpropertied Internet
Nicholas J. Nugent
Assistant Professor of Law, University of Tennessee. This Article benefited from presentations at New York University, Wake Forest University, the University of Arizona, the University of Richmond, and the Annual Meeting of the Association of American Law Schools in Washington, D.C. In addition to helpful comments from participants in those events, I would like to thank Joshua Fairfield, Aaron Perzanowski, Asaf Lubin, James Grimmelmann, Yaft Lev-Aretz, Maurice Stucke, Gregory Stein, and Gary Pulsinelli for their helpful comments and suggestions. Thanks to Daniel Mendoza for helpful research assistance and to the editors at the Cornell Law Review for fantastic work getting this Article into shape for publication.
It has often been said that the internet lacks public property. Unlike the offline world, denizens of cyberspace cannot gather in the digital equivalent of public parks, cannot shame websites by picketing on adjacent cyber-sidewalks, and cannot loiter in online streets and alleys if they lack a cyber-place of their own. Yet scant attention has…
Jan 2026
Proportional Possession
Allyson E. Gold & Joseph A. Singleton
Allyson E. Gold is a Professor of Law at Wake Forest University School of Law. Joseph A. Singleton is the Health Law & Policy Fellow at Wake Forest University School of Law. Thank you to workshop attendees at the New York University Clinical Writers Workshop, the faculty of NOVA Southeastern Shepard Broad College of Law, and Association for Law and Property Scholars conference attendees for invaluable feedback. We are grateful to John Knox, Jessica Shoemaker, Jenny Russell, Hano Ernst, Michel Vols, and Rachael Walsh for extremely helpful comments and conversations.
American eviction proceedings are governed by a fusion of property and contract law. The law’s narrow understanding of eviction ignores the importance of a dwelling place to its occupants. Property is not merely land or a structure on that land; it is a home with the power to shape communities, social relationships, and human values….
Jan 2026
Rethinking Plyler: Preserving the Right to Education for Undocumented Children
Meghan Brady-Fuchsman
J.D., Cornell Law School, 2026; B.S. in Policy Analysis and Management, Cornell University, 2023; Executive General Editor, Cornell Law Review Vol. 111.
In the summer of 1977, several families living in Tyler, Texas received a letter informing them that their children were no longer eligible to attend public school—unless they could pay $1,000 in tuition. Nine-year-old Alfredo Lopez should have been starting second grade, but his family could not afford the fee. What set him apart from…
Jan 2026
Income Taxation and the Regulation of Supreme Court Justices’ Conduct
Omri Marian
Professor of Law, University of California, Irvine School of Law. I received excellent written comments from Swethaa Ballakrishnen, Joshua Blank, Alex Camacho, Adam Chodorow, Bridget Crawford, Victor Fleischer, Sarah Lawsky, Leslie Samuels, Song Richardson, Gabe Roth, and Ari Waldman. Any errors or omissions are my own.
In 2023, investigative journalists reported multiple instances where billionaires showered Supreme Court Justices with lavish gifts. Previously undisclosed luxury fishing trips, private jet travel, and yacht cruises ignited popular and scholarly debates about Congress’s role in regulating Justices’ conduct. This Article explains how income taxation can, and should, be used to regulate judicial misconduct where…
Jan 2026
Asian Americans and the Harm of Exceptionalized Inclusion
Kaiponanea T. Matsumura & Erin Suzuki
Professor of Law and William M. Rains Fellow, Loyola Law School, Los Angeles. Associate Professor of Literature and Asian American Studies, University of California, San Diego. The authors contributed equally to this Article and are listed alphabetically by last name. We thank Shirin Bakhshay, Robert Chang, Gabriel “Jack” Chin, Tristin Green, Vinay Harpalani, Ariel Jurow Kleiman, Solangel Maldonado, Julia Mendoza, Kimberly West-Faulcon, and Tiffany Yang for their thoughtful feedback. We also thank the editors of Cornell Law Review for their careful and constructive work on this Article.
The use of race in college admissions is contentious not only because elite colleges are a gateway to good careers, but because the colleges themselves symbolize belonging at the highest levels of American society. In this sense, the Supreme Court’s decision in Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College (“SFFA”)…
Aug 2025
Modern Cyber Warfare and International Law
Esther In
J.D., 2026. Cornell Law School. Thank you to Professor Sarah Kreps for inspiring this line of research, and to the Cornell Law Review Notes Offce for lending their talent to this Note.
In an increasingly technological, interconnected, and digital world, advancements in technology pose significant legal challenges. “Grey zone” conflicts—such as in cyber warfare, election interference, political subversion, and proxy wars—share a common characteristic: exploiting gaps in international law. These conflicts allow States to leverage legal ambiguities as tools in their strategic planning, enabling them to pursue…
Aug 2025
Undue Computational Experimentation: Can In Silico Experiments Allows Genus Claims to Survive?
Gregory Jameson
J.D., Cornell Law School, 2025; Ph.D. (Biophysics), The Ohio State University, 2022. Thank you to Profs. Joanna T. Brougher and Oskar Liivak for inspiring this line of legal research and to Prof. Steffen Lindert for seeding the scientific knowledge in this idea.
U.S. courts have, time and again, struck down genus claims for undue experimentation. The most recent blow came last year in Amgen v. Sanofi, when the Supreme Court affirmed the lower court’s ruling that Amgen’s patent on antibodies with a specific target was invalid for lack of enablement. In that ruling, the Court invoked the…
Aug 2025
When Hard Cases Make Bad Law: A Theory of How Case Facts Affect Judge-Made Law
Sepehr Shahshahani
Associate Professor, Fordham Law School. I thank the participants in the Harvard/Yale/Stanford Junior Faculty Forum and the Fordham Law Faculty Workshop for their discussion of this work. I am also grateful for the helpful comments of Aditi Bagchi, Scott Baker, Deborah Beim, Bob Bone, Pam Bookman, Rick Brooks, Bennett Capers, Michael Carrier, Courtney Cox, Nestor Davidson, Debby Denno, Josh Fischman, Janet Freilich, Barry Friedman, Ezra Friedman, John Goldberg, William Hubbard, Clare Huntington, Lewis Kornhauser, Jae Lee, Ethan Leib, Ann Lipton, Gaurav Mukherjee, John Pfaff, Susan Scafdi, Jed Shugerman, Henry Smith, Rebecca Tushnet, Maggie Wittlin, and Ben Zipursky. Finally, I thank Joe Palandrani, Miles Patton, and Hooman Yazdanian for excellent research assistance.
“Hard cases make bad law” is one of the most famous aphorisms in Anglo-American law. Its insight is that when strict application of a generally sound law would impose a special hardship on someone, a court may be tempted to distort the law to avoid the hardship. Scholars have long debated the meaning and truth…
Aug 2025
(Non)Police Brutality
Shawn E. Fields
Professor of Law, California Western School of Law. Many thanks to the brilliant minds who have provided feedback on aspects of this project, including Bobbi Jo Boyd, Tony Ghiotto, Gustavo Ribeiro, Joanna Schwartz, Erin Sheley, Christopher Slobogin, and Daniel Yeager. I beneftted greatly from feedback at presentations at the Southeastern Association of Law Schools, University of Oregon School of Law, University of Kentucky Rosenberg School of Law, University of Tennessee Knoxville School of Law, and Chapman Fowler School of Law. I extend my deepest gratitude to Noël Harlow, whose support and encouragement made this Article possible. All errors are my own.
Municipalities increasingly rely on nonpolice public safety experts—from substance abuse counselors and mental health interventionists to homeless outreach teams and violence interrupters—to address safety issues once solely within the purview of armed police. These “alternate responders” aim to resolve public safety concerns with less unnecessary conflict, violence, and death. But what happens when these nonpolice…
Aug 2025
Birthright Citizenship and the Dunning School of Unoriginal Meanings
Evan D. Bernick, Paul Gowder & Anthony Michael Kreis
Associate Professor of Law, Northern Illinois University College of Law; Professor of Law, Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law; and Assistant Professor of Law, Georgia State University College of Law. Authors’ names are listed in alphabetical order. The authors thank Maggie Blackhawk, Christine Kexel Chabot, Jack Chin, Stella Burch Elias, Paul Lombardo, Ryan Rowberry, and Melissa Stewart for helpful suggestions. The authors alone are responsible for the content of this Essay and any mistakes therein.
This Essay critically surveys the recent debate surrounding birthright citizenship in the United States, particularly in light of arguments presented by legal scholars Randy Barnett, Kurt Lash, and Ilan Wurman. Under the guise of “originalism,” Barnett, Lash, and Wurman propose an ahistorical, revisionist interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment’s Citizenship Clause. They suggest that the term…
Jul 2025
The Federal Rules of Climate Change
Roger Michalski
Roger Michalski holds the Arch B. & Jo Anne Gilbert Professorship of Law, University of Oklahoma College of Law. The author would like to thank Melissa Mortazavi for her helpful feedback on earlier drafts. A special thanks to Emily Taylor Poppe. This article grew out of a previous article co-authored with her and it would not exist without her.
A new Federal Rule of Civil Procedure, Rule 87, quietly took effect in December 2023. The wholesale adoption of a new rule is rare; most changes to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure involve tweaks or minor revisions to existing rules, and many existing rules are quite old. Yet, despite the novelty of a new…
Jul 2025
Treating Each Applicant as an Individual in Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard and its Key Precedents
Jiayu Liu
J.D., Cornell Law School, 2024; B.S.S., Political Science and Economics, University of Hong Kong, 2017. The author would like to thank Professor Andrei Marmor for his comments and guidance. The author would also like to thank the editors of Cornell Law Review for preparing this Note for publication.
This Note argues that the Supreme Court’s shifting attitude towards race-conscious school admissions can be best understood by making sense of the Court’s gradually elevated requirements of individuality in school admissions. Specifically, this note argues that (1) treating each applicant as an individual has been a constitutionally necessary, but not constitutionally sufficient, requirement since Bakke;…
May 2025
Blazing a Trail for the Enhanced Enforcement of Women’s Rights: Erga Omnes Partes Standing
Kathryn A. Donoho
J.D./L.L.M., Cornell Law School, 2026; M.B.A., Cornell Johnson Graduate School of Management, 2026; B.B.A. (Economics) and Bachelor of Accountancy, University of San Diego, 2017. A special thank you to Sandra L. Babcock, Elizabeth W. Brundige, Muna B. Ndulo, Radwa S. Elsaman, and Valeria Chiappini for your helpful feedback and insight on this Note.
The revolutionary principle of erga omnes partes standing can be utilized as an enforcement tool for the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (“CEDAW”). Recent judicial developments within the International Court of Justice propel this argument forward, providing a novel solution to enforce international human rights obligations. While erga omnes…
May 2025
Tax Law as Muse
Brian Soucek
Professor of Law and Chancellor’s Fellow, University of California, Davis School of Law. Ph.D. (Philosophy), Columbia University; J.D., Yale Law School. The author beneftted from conversations on this topic with BJ Ard, Joseph Blocher, Gregory Day, Jonathan Neufeld, Robert Post, Daniel Rauch, Darien Shanske, Dennis Ventry, my co-panelists at the 2019 Annual Meeting of the Law and Society Association, the audience at the 2022 Pacifc Division Meeting of the American Society for Aesthetics, and participants at the Fourth Annual Art Law Works-in-Progress Colloquium at New England Law School and the Twelfth Annual Freedom of Expression Scholars Conference at Yale Law School. The author is also thankful for research help from David Holt and an unusual number of tireless research assistants: Heather Bates, Chester Dubov, Jon Morgan Florentino, Cobi Soda Furdek, Nicholas Mak-Wasek, Jane Martin, Jack Mensik, Sydney Simon, and Linda Tauscher. And the author is grateful to Dean Kevin Johnson, Dean Jessica Berg, and the UC Davis School of Law for supporting their (and my) work through the Martin Luther King, Jr. Hall Research Fund.
Jennifer C. Lena
Associate Professor of Arts Administration, Teachers College, Columbia University. Ph.D. (Sociology), Columbia University.
Admission charges at Chicago’s small music venues are generally exempt from tax. But a few years ago, officials came after clubs that hosted rock, hip-hop, country, and DJ performances, claiming that those kinds of music weren’t “commonly regarded as part of the fine arts.” Controversy exploded, critics derided the idea of turning tax collectors into…
May 2025
Is Death Different?
Jacob Bronsther
Associate Professor of Law, Michigan State University College of Law, J.D., M.Phil., Ph.D. For their incisive comments and discussion, the author is grateful to Andrea Armstrong, Rachel Barkow, Kristen Bell, David Blankfein-Tabachnick, Vincent Chiao, James Chen, Alma Diamond, Raff Donelson, Avlana Eisenberg, Sheldon Evans, Lindsay Farmer, Chad Flanders, Charles Fried, Jonathan Gingerich, John Goldberg, Linda Greene, Catherine Grosso, Irene Oritseweyinmi Joe, Erin Kelly, Alexandra Klein, Josh Kleinfeld, Guha Krishnamurthi, Nicola Lacey, Christopher Lewis, Marah McLeod, Erin Miller, Kathryn Miller, Erin Murphy, Carmel Nemirovksy, Alex Platt, Peter Ramsay, Shalev Roisman, Steve Schaus, Amy Sepinwall, Marissa Jackson Sow, Carol Steiker, Victor Tadros, Will Thomas, James Tierney, Robin West, and the participants of presentations at Harvard Law School, the Law and Humanities Junior Scholars Workshop at the University of Pennsylvania, the London School of Economics and Political Science, the Maryland Discussion Group on Constitutionalism, Michigan State University College of Law, the University of Oklahoma College of Law, the AALS Jurisprudence Section’s Works-in-Progress Workshop, the ABA-AALS-Academy for Justice Workshop, the Decarceration Works-in-Progress Workshop, and the Junior Scholars Legal Research Workshop. The authors thanks also Timothy Innes for his excellent research assistance, and Ryan Ming-Yuan Lee and his colleagues at the Cornell Law Review for their thoughtful work.
This Article attempts to unite the movements against the death penalty and mass incarceration. The central argument is that many noncapital sentences are in the same category of injury as the death penalty. Thus, whatever the law says (or ought to say) about the legitimacy of the death penalty, it should also say about these…
May 2025
Copyright’s Latent Space: Generative AI and the Limits of Fair Use
BJ Ard
Associate Professor of Law, University of Wisconsin Law School, and Affliate Fellow, Yale Information Society Project. The author thanks Oren Bracha, Robert Brauneis, Carys Craig, R. Feder Cooper, Rebecca Crootof, Deven Desai, Justin Hughes, Mark Lemley, Glynn Lunney, Michael Murray, David Nimmer, Jacob Noti-Victor, Blake Reid, Matthew Sag, Frederic Sala, Benjamin Sobel, Madhavi Sunder, Charlotte Tschider, Molly Shaffer Van Houweling, Christopher Yoo, and Peter Yu for feedback on this project, along with participants at the Fifth Annual Art Law Works-in-Progress Colloquium, 2024 Copyright Scholarship Round-table, UW Integrating Robots into the Future of Work Colloquium, 2024 Legal Scholars Roundtable on AI, Texas A&M School of Law Transformation in IP and Technology Law Symposium, 2024 Works-in-Progress for IP Colloquium, and faculty workshops at UGA and UW law schools. The author also thanks Kate Bishop, Peter Feider, John Lavanga, and Rosemary Patton for excellent research assistance. Research support was provided by the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Education at UW with funding from the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.
Generative AI poses deep questions for copyright law because it defies the assumptions behind existing legal frameworks. The tension surfaces most clearly in debates over fair use, where established tests falter in the face of generative systems’ distinctive features. This Article takes up the fair-use question to expose copyright’s limitations as well as its latent…
May 2025
Are Anticompetitive Contracts Enforceable? The Illegality Defense and Modern Anticompetitive Contracts
William Friedman
Trial Attorney, Civil Conduct Task Force, Antitrust Division, Department of Justice. Dartmouth College, A.B. 2011; J.D. Duke Law School, 2015. The views expressed in this article are personal to the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of Justice. The author thanks Scott Ballenger, Daniel Francis, Dan Guarnera, Devin Redding, and the Cornell Law Review editorial staff for their helpful comments and guidance.
This Article argues that contracts that violate Section 1 of the Sherman Act should not be enforceable. Although seemingly modest, courts do not accept this proposition. When a defendant in a breach of contract action raises the defense of “illegality” under the Sherman Act, courts will likely reject the defense unless the contractual provision at…
Apr 2025
Creditors, Shareholders, and Losers in Between: A Failed Regulatory Experiment
Albert H. Choi & Jeffery Y. Zhang
Paul G. Kauper Professor of Law at the University of Michigan Law School and Research Member at the European Corporate Governance Institute (“ECGI”); and Assistant Professor of Law at the University of Michigan Law School. The authors thank Daryl Dietsche and Jacob Gerszten for outstanding research assistance as well as the following for insightful conservations: Lucy Chang, Gary Gorton, Howell Jackson, Ryan Rossner, Nicholas Tabor, Mark Van Der Weide, and seminar participants at Vanderbilt Law School, the Williams College Economics Department, the Sixth Conference on Law and Macroeconomics, the International Insolvency Institute Annual Meeting, the AALS Annual Conference, and the ALEA Annual Conference. Finally, the authors thank the editors of the Cornell Law Review for their helpful comments and suggestions.
In the aftermath of the 2007–08 Global Financial Crisis, regulators encouraged many of the world’s largest banks to hold a new type of regulatory instrument with the goal of improving their safety and soundness. The regulatory instrument was known as a “CoCo,” short for contingent convertible bond. CoCos are neither debt nor equity. They are…
Apr 2025
Social Network as Work: A Labor Paradigm for Regulating Speech on Social Media
Francesca L. Procaccini
Assistant Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. For insightful comments and discussions, I thank Rebecca Allensworth, Jack Balkin, Lisa Bressman, Edward Cheng, Gregory Day, Evelyn Douek, Cynthia Estlund, Noah Feldman, Nikolas Guggenberger, Chris Guthrie, Claudia Haupt, Thomas Kadri, Daphne Keller, Genevieve Lakier, Artur Pericles Lima Monteiro, Martha Minow, Blake Reid, Peter Salib, Christopher Serkin, Daniel Sharfstein, Ganesh Sitaraman, Christopher Slobogin, Kevin Stack, Xiangnong (George) Wang, Laura Weinrib, and participants of the Yale Freedom of Expression Scholars Conference and Washington University School of Law Faculty Workshop. Special thanks to Francisco Collantes for superb research assistance and to the editors of the Cornell Law Review for impeccable editing.
Social media has eluded regulation by taking refuge in the First Amendment. The First Amendment, scholars and lawmakers overwhelmingly argue, is a formidable obstacle to regulation because social media facilitates the creation and exchange of speech by users. The received wisdom, therefore, characterizes users as consumers of a speech-related service, which inevitably does raise thorny…
Apr 2025
Protecting Entitlement-Holders with a Uniform Meaning of Fifth Amendment Property
Cameron Misner
J.D., 2024. Cornell Law School. I’m grateful to the to the notes editors at Cornell Law Review for lending their talents to this Note, to Professor Gali Racabi for inspiring the research, and to Professor Michael Dorf for helpful feedback.
Courts and commentators take it as given that the word “property” in the Fifth Amendment’s Due Process Clause refers to a broader class of assets than does the word “property” in the Fifth Amendment’s Takings Clause. In this Note, I challenge that assumption and argue that takings “property” ought to include the same assets that…
Apr 2025
Murder, Multiple Values, and Harmless Free Exercise Error
Josiah Rutledge
Law Clerk to the Hon. Martha M. Pacold, United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. Thank you to Professor Nelson Tebbe for overseeing this project, and to the members of the Religion & The Constitution directed reading group: Gabrielle Blom, Michelle Briney, Carolyn Click, Kate Dolbear, Patrick George, Trinity Kipp, Pierre Saint-Perez, and Gigi Scerbo. Finally, thank you to all the members of the Cornell Law Review Notes Office.
Happily, ours is a country dedicated to religious toleration. Among the “crucial principles of our liberal democracy” is that “Americans should freely practice their religions, and government should not establish any religion.” Not content to let those principles remain aspirational, we give them legal force in the form of the Free Exercise and Establishment Clauses…
Apr 2025
Synthetic Data and the Future of AI
Peter Lee
Martin Luther King Jr. Professor of Law and Director, Center for Innovation, Law, and Society, UC Davis School of Law.
The future of artificial intelligence (AI) is synthetic. Several of the most prominent technical and legal challenges of AI derive from the need to amass huge amounts of real-world data to train machine learning (ML) models. Collecting such real-world data can be highly difficult and can threaten privacy, introduce bias in automated decision making, and…
Mar 2025
Animal Rights Before Legal Personhood
Ethan Prall
Fellow and Doctoral Student, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science (JD, Harvard Law School; MTS, Duke University).
Growing scientific evidence shows that vast numbers of nonhuman animals are feeling, sentient beings, and ethicists have argued that this means they have moral value. However, law’s integration of individual animals as subjects with greater protection has been slow, despite the terrible threats that animals face today from human drivers like anthropogenic climate change and…
Mar 2025
In Pursuit of Quality: Amplifying Panel Effects on the United States Courts of Appeals
John McCloud
J.D. Candidate, Cornell Law School, 2025. B.S. in Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 2020. Admissions & Membership Editor, Cornell Law Review Vol. 110.
The Shouldice Hospital, a medical center outside of Toronto, has become well known for bucking prevailing medical norms. Rather than performing the full panoply of medical services, like most hospitals, it focuses on a single type of surgery— hernia repair. The surgeons at Shouldice perform up to 800 hernia repairs per year, more than a…
Mar 2025
On “Death Houses” and “Kill Boxes”: The Death Penalty and Animal Slaughter
John H. Blume
Samuel F. Leibowitz Professor of Trial Techniques, Cornell Law School and Director the Cornell Death Penalty Project.
This Essay is somewhat unusual for a Symposium of this nature honoring the scholarship (and of course the memory) of my former colleague and friend Sherry Colb. I will not engage directly with an article or book Sherry did write, but rather with one that she didn’t. Sherry (and her husband and frequent coauthor Michael…
Feb 2025
The “Section 122 Revolution” in Delaware Corporate Law and What to Do About It
Zachary J. Gubler
Marie Selig Professor of Law, Arizona State University, Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law.
Recently, the Delaware General Assembly amended Delaware’s corporate code to allow boards to delegate their decision-making powers to stockholders via contract. These amendments are significant because they effectively overturn a recent Delaware Chancery opinion. They’re also problematic, for two reasons: (1) because they are out of step with the best reading of Delaware corporate law—what…
Feb 2025
Treating the Administrative as Law: Responding to the “Judicial Aggrandizement” Critique
Chad Squitieri
Assistant Professor of Law, Catholic University of America, Columbus School of Law.
Modern separation-of-powers jurisprudence—including key decisions decided during the Supreme Court’s 2023-24 term—has been critiqued on the grounds that it constitutes “judicial aggrandizement,” i.e., that it impermissibly empowers federal courts to decide separation-of-powers questions better left to Congress and the President. This “judicial aggrandizement” critique goes too far to the extent it suggests that federal courts…
Dec 2024