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Reforming the International Law and Organization of New Vaccines for the World’s Most Vulnerable People

Sam Halabi,† Nishtha Arora,†† Kashish Aneja,††† Katherine Ginsbach,†††† Alison Durran††††† & Olohikhuae Egbokhare††††††

7 May 2026

The global system for developing new vaccines against diseases that disproportionately kill and disable the world’s poorest people has become a victim of its own success. As the pace with which safe and effective vaccines against neglected tropical diseases are developed accelerates, the world is increasingly finding itself moving from a situation typified by low supply to one of dysfunctional demand. Safe and effective vaccines against chikungunya virus disease were approved in the last two years but remain largely undeployed despite a global epidemic. The governments where CHIKV levels its most significant toll have bigger and more expensive problems. At three hundred fifty dollars a dose, the vaccines are many times more than most victims of CHIKV make in a year and in some cases a decade. Thus, these vaccines that could save hundreds of lives, millions of dollars, and spare infants a fate of permanent blindness remains largely undistributed. Without changes, this appears to be the fate of emerging candidates against Lassa, Rift Valley Fever, and to some extent even characterizes the response to the mpox public health emergency. This Article analyzes this critical and growing problem in the global legal framework for vaccine access, including the inability of current global organizations to address it, and recommends measures to either fix the global vaccine infrastructure or establish an entirely new global procurement agency for vaccines against neglected tropical diseases.

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† Bette Jacobs Endowed Professor, School of Health, Georgetown University Medical
Center; Director, Center for Transformational Health Law, O’Neill Institute for National and
Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center. J.D. Harvard Law School, 2005;
M.Phil. Oxford, 2001; B.A., B.S. Kansas State University, 1999.
†† Associate, Center for Transformational Health Law. B.B.A. LL.B. (Hons.) from
National Law University Odisha, India, with a certification in International Right to Health;
Postgraduate Diploma in Medical Law and Ethics from the National Law School of India
University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India; LLM, Georgetown University.
††† Lead, Initiatives in Asia, Center for Transformational Health Law, O’Neill Institute
for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center. B.A., L.L.B (Hons),
University School of Law and Legal Studies, GGS Indraprastha University; LLM Georgetown
University.
†††† Senior Associate, Center for Transformational Health Law, O’Neill Institute for
National and Global Health Law. J.D., M.S. University of Notre Dame.
††††† Postdoctoral Scholar, University of Washington. J.D. University of Toronto; MPH
Yale University; BA University of British Columbia.
†††††† Assistant Director, Capacity Building, O’Neill Institute for National and Global
Health Law. LL.B, University of Ibadan; B.L. First Class honors Nigerian Law School; LL.M.
Georgetown University.